Overcoming Physical, Cultural and Communicative Barriers

Defeating Physical, Cultural and Communicative Barriers Presentation Association backing to uniformity and decent variety is key factor to lessen correspondence issues, for example, language and culture. There are loads of techniques to improve uniformity and assorted variety in an association. Within association we are making an extensive working, inspecting and concentrating over condition where differences are regarded and consistency of chance is advanced. The accentuation is on continuing conveying a sensible help of our customers by meeting the changing needs of overall various gatherings. LANGUAGE AND CULTURE For this situation, language is the key factor in the achievement of any association. Be that as it may, low prosperity capability, social blocks, and obliged English ability have been composed the triple threat to convincing wellbeing correspondence. (Kate Singleton 2009) People frequently feel that correspondence is as simple and straightforward as its sound. It portrays what we would need to speak with others, how we associate with others. We have to utilize great correspondence with customers, their family members and our schools. At some point language hindrances make misconceptions among collector and supplier it influences postpone wellbeing administrations in like manner customer don't comprehend the guidance given by supplier because of poor articulation, since they are from various culture and networks. So we have to communicate in compelling and proficient language at work place that all are plainly comprehended. (Asma Zaineb 2010) Then again, patients from culture minority get-togethers might be more exposed to the effects of low prosperity training than patients from the mind-boggling society because of coordinated efforts between capability, multifaceted correspondence obstruction including society, and the experience of inclination. Boundaries happen at client level, seller’s level and the board level. For example, NZ considered patient with low prosperity training may have the ability to talk with chaperons, investigate the human administrations system, and self-manage the disease more suitably than another culture and religion individual who furthermore shows low prosperity capability. The nearby imagined patient would have the ability to rely upon English capacity and instead of another open individuals. In like manner socially safe practice is setting up a confiding in relationship with the customer and an Organization. . (Tiatia j. 2008) Association SUPPORT TO EQUALITY AND DIVERSITY Equivalent open doors with conditions and contrasts organization show the gauges of propelling workplace offset and arranged characteristics with various speculative bases; their reasons being in the main the need to offer social value and in the last, the necessities of the affiliation (Noon and Obgonna, 2001) for example to improve organization quality. ‘Fulfilments with administration’ framework causes conclude how to improve the idea of thought in your affiliations organizations and customers experiences of them. People tend to be satisfied by organizations when their experience arranges their constructive wants. Wants are encircled by various components, including the requirements and properties of the organization customer. Typical components for thought fuse responsiveness and the ability to determine limits. (State organizations commission 2008). The techniques to oversee varying characteristics issues can be parceled into singular level organization strategies, for instance, getting, sympathy, correspondence, resistance or legitimate level procedures, approaches, practices, culture and planning (Denisi and Griffin, 2001). Techniques For COMMUNICATING COMMITMENT PLANS Arranging is aptitudes that by and large need to get together to achieve victory. arranging incorporate reasoning and planning assignments that should be done to achieve specific destinations. Orchestrating is an instrument to manage an endeavor, an occupation, a development or a condition that you are going to grasp. It is clearly associated with booking, time organization and discovers answers for decrease hindrances. For instance, a medical caretaker working in emergency clinic she set up care plan for tolerant, right off the bat she check the need of patient and afterward set up care plan after will actualize to understanding bit by bit for early recuperation and anticipation and deal with her chance to do these exercises in last she assess the outcomes and take input from them they are content with administrations. Group MEETINGS It assumes fundamental job in an association. Group social occasions are basic instruments for overseeing bunch assignments and productivity. Fruitful gathering gatherings consider open conversation that draws upon each individual’s learning, aptitudes, and perspectives to handle issues and blunders in administrations each other in succeeding the gatherings joint targets. Then again, it is ordinary that both the customers and, especially, the people serving them know their own jobs and obligations go about as requirements be to lessen social and language mistakes. (Salo-Lee, 1996) Jobs AND RESPONISIBILITIES It is most significant piece of associations how to apply jobs and duties to improve better administrations and defeat the boundaries. The fundamental obligation of partner to oversee workforce arranging, change the executives, learning and improvement, business allure (State administrations commission 2008) it assists with lessening physical, social and language hindrances. WORKFORCE PLANNING Workforce orchestrating is a fundamental business framework to engage future masterminding, anticipate change, manage the workforce, and meet business targets. (State organizations commission 2008).For model, in an association, the principle job of proprietor to assess the legitimate obligation regarding advancing correspondence and decreased separation, and affirm about responsibilities are satisfied. CHANGE MANAGEMENT The system of progress must be regulated and masterminded †both from an association and from an individual perspective. Change organization is an intentional method to manage dealing with these movements, and incorporates acclimating to change, controlling change, and affecting organizations. Offer data to worker about new approaches and methodology we are including association so they effectively comprehended and adjust. (State organizations commission 2008) LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT A learning and improvement strategy changes, plan, needs, structure, fuse and survey learning and headway works out. This serves to address limit issues, upgrade execution, and hold incredible staff. It is critical to defeat slip by in quality thought. (State organizations commission 2008) For instance, the Human Resources Department is liable for offering appreciation to staff and actualizing related arrangements and methodology. They guarantee all staff gets proper uniformity and decent variety consideration preparing. Word related ATTRACTIVENESS Your occupation appeal is the manner in which people consider your to be as a workplace. An in number brand can engage relationship to improve the amount of splendid applicants demanding occupations; they give broad organizations to clients and upgrade specialist effort and execution. (State organizations commission 2008) TIMESCALE The range of time inside which certain occasions happen or are planned to happen considered according to any more extensive timeframe. In social insurance framework it implies information assortment, precise chronicle and revealing of customers records cutting-edge and time. For models when social insurance right hand give any consideration to tolerant keep up their records on precise time and date it assists with lessening mistakes. Review Clinical survey is the productive assessment of the idea of social protection, including the frameworks used for end, treatment and thought, the use of advantages and the ensuing outcome and individual fulfillment for the customer. The clinical survey lead should have a conspicuous within the affiliation, and must hero clinical audit both to accomplices and organization the same. Strategy REFORM The organization starting late introduced a plan of basic thought changes went for improving prosperity and decreasing varieties by lessening co-portions, moving from charge for organization to capitation and propelling populace prosperity the board (Science coordinates 2005). The goal of strategy if any sort of separation or badgering by an individual from staff in the event of sex, age, physical incapacity and religion it make incredibly and may remedial move being taken. Allotment OF RESOURCES Propelling prosperity and confronting infection challenges require action over an extent of activities in the prosperity structure. This consolidates updates in the arrangement making and stewardship part of Governments, better access to HR, drugs, remedial rigging, and consumables, and an increasingly noticeable commitment of both open and private providers of organizations. The best activities moreover solidify parts of gathering preparing that move perspective over the long time. The prerequisite for mediations to be affiliation and even territory specific is furthermore recommended. End AND DISCUSSION All in all I portrayed how to defeat physical, social and language obstructions, what sort of administrations we have to use in an association to advance great quality administrations. In what manner would organization be able to help to uniformity and decent variety. There are loads of techniques to give decently and quality consideration to supplier and to defeat the obstructions in a powerful association. The utilization of wellbeing administrations is the way toward looking for proficient human services and submitting oneself to the use of normal wellbeing administrations, with the reason to forestall or treat medical issues and advance equity and assorted variety. REFFRENCES Asma Zaineb (2010), Barriers to viable correspondence in an association and beating it recovered from http://blo

Knarls and Barkley free essay sample

Wake Technical Community Collage 91 09 Fayetteville Road Raleigh, NC 27603 To: Financial Aid Office Hello my name is Destiny McCall am composing this intrigue on the grounds that my hole is under a 2. 0 and my consummation rate is under 67%. I had some numerous conditions that happened in 201 2, I couldn't keep heading off to my classes so I needed to pull back from the entirety of my classes. Because of the reality was having issues with my emotional wellness. I was flimsy to proceed with my semester. I at that point took classes Fall 2012 and had quit heading off to my treatment and turned out to be intellectually insecure once more. Have had numerous adjustments In my living game plans with in he a year ago. I am currently ready to refocus and concentrate on what I need in life which is to get my degree.And have an arrangement for any snag that may happen while in school and I presently have the help should be effective. We will compose a custom paper test on Knarls and Barkley or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Im requesting thought for my monetary Aid to proceed with my instruction at Wake Technical Community College. If it's not too much trouble wear t waver to get in touch with me on the off chance that you having any inquiries. Stage 3: Explanation of Steps for Future Success Describe the Steps that you have taken to address the conditions and guarantee that you will have the option to meet the base SAP prerequisites later on. Accentuate what will be distinctive in your circumstance to permit achievement. Give proper documentation, if relevant. 1 Go to class I realize this one is mind-numbingly clear however its important.Many teachers address legitimately from Powering and post the slides to the web. This makes it enticing to play hooky, download the talk notes, and become familiar with the material all alone. Despite the fact that I can presumably pull off this in simple courses, I will confront issues in testing ones. 2. Sit in the first line Not just will sitting in the first column construct my self-assurance, it will naturally draw in me in the talk. I will be an energetic understudy and profoundly noticeable to the instructor. This will support my scholarly notoriety and make me bound to build up a relationship with the teacher. I will have an a lot simpler time keeping up center and will feel more like a member than a uninvolved spectator. 3.Take notes by hand Another tragic symptom of the Powering upheaval is that it disheartens understudies from taking notes. Taking notes by hand will improve my evaluations since it constrains me to focus, and the physical demonstration of composing helps retention. On the off chance that I take notes, I will think that its a lot simpler to remain locked in. My notes likewise give a perspective that will assist me with building a psychological connection between a composed idea and the teachers verbal clarification. This is key for productive examining. 4. Do a week by week audit A typical issue understudies experience is attempting to get familiar with a huge measure of material just before the midterm or last exam.This is for all intents and purposes unimaginable. I will think that its a lot simpler on the off chance that I adopt a progressive strategy to contemplating. At any rate once every week, I will audit my notes beginning from the earliest starting point of the course. Will take 15 or 20 minutes, simply sufficient opportunity to construct recognition with the material. . Go to available time Professors for the most part make themselves accessible at standard occasions during the week for understudies to pose inquiries about assignments. I am going to make the most of this chance. To start with, going to available time will rouse me to excel on my work and get ready inquiries to pose. This will give me a colossal edge in understanding issues that arent obviously clarified in the lectures.Second, it will manufacture my notoriety for being a high-exertion understudy who merits high evaluations. Stage 4: Students Certification and Signature Please read the accompanying cautiously and introductory close to every announcement. I have perused the WATCH Satisfactory Academic Progress approach. I get that if my allure is endorsed, I will be put waiting on the post trial process for one semester as it were. I get that in the event that I am set waiting on the post trial process, I am required to finish all classes with a C or better. I lam presenting a total intrigue structure. Comprehend that deficient interests won't be surveyed. I comprehend that my allure might be denied and that the accommodation of this intrigue doesn't ensure that my money related guide will be reestablished.

REX at Simmons Hall 2015

REX at Simmons Hall 2015 As Vincent mentioned, the MIT Class of 2019 freshmen are currently out and about enjoying their first week orientation at MIT. During Orientation, freshmen learn about academic requirements and extracurricular clubs and activities. They also learn about the resources available to them for help and support throughout the year like MIT Together, MIT Mental Health, and Student Support Services. We have events on diversity, what it means to be an MIT student, and how to find support and push through hard times. We even have a play put on by students to provide useful information about topics like sexual assault and alcohol. Lastly, the freshmen are placed into groups, each with an orientation leader, to be their guide for the week for any questions and concerns they may have about navigating their first year at MIT. This year Im excited to be an orientation leader for a group of twelve freshmen (GO Purple 48! You know who you are) and will be sharing with them the many things Ive learned at my time at MIT. Alongside Orientation is REX (Residence Exploration), where dorms across campus put on many unique and interesting events to give freshmen more chances to experience a dorms culture and style before choosing a permanent residence for the year. Some events even become iconic and famous, like the East vs West Water War on Tuesday or East Campus yearly courtyard build project. This year, they built another wooden roller coaster, but this one is much more special than last years (you might hear about it in the news). Simmons is hard at work as well, preparing for the Water War and for the Top of the Sponge roofdeck party. Its funny to think how I was attending these events with my friends as a freshman and now, as a junior, were the ones running these events for the new freshmen. Heres the REX schedule for the events my friends back at Simmons have worked hard to make: Sunday, August 30th   Cardboard Fort Building Go back to being a little kid and help us build a giant cardboard fort in the Mailbox Lounge. Well be working on the construction all day and night so come along whenever to help out! 3:00 PM 1:00 AM Board Games and Ice Cream Meet some of your new classmates through friendly competition! There will be games and more ice cream sandwiches than youve ever seen before. Meet us in our dining hall. 9:00 PM 1:00 AM  Monday, August 31st Getting out of Bed is Hard But pancakes make it easier! Come down and help us empirically prove that. 8:00 AM 11:00 AM Massive Build-Fest Help Simmons Hall prepare for the water war by building a giant Trojan Duck (yes it is exactly what it sounds like: a GIANT rolling wooding duck)! This offensive weapon will be armed with many waterballoons and spirited pre-frosh as West campus rides to victory in the Water War. Even a T-Rex would cower in fear. All Day Shield Painting and Flag Making Feeling like an artistic knight? Prepare to claim victory for West Campus in the Water War by painting your battle shield or making flags! 1:00 PM 3:00 PM Inverse Curling Turn curling on its head and roll some blocks of ice down the hall! because its not the ice age anymore. 4:00 PM 5:00 PM Sponge Scavenger Hunt: REX Edition Make your way through the most puzzling of MIT’s dorms on the path to become the first team to find the hidden Coin! This hunt is an exciting, fast-paced combination of math, shape, and word puzzles set within the challenge of finding clues scattered throughout Simmons Hall. To compete, arrive close to the start time (7:30 PM), as a limited number of teams will be able to participate. See you there! 7:30 PM 9:00 PM Simmons Puzzle Hunt A puzzle hunt made by MIT students for MIT students. Drop in at any time and solve a few puzzles, or stay as long as it takes to get to the end! 9:00 PM 3:00 AM Top of the Sponge Raise the roof /on/ the roof of Simmons Hall! Party it up as you break it down with new friends against the backdrop of the MIT campus and Boston skyline. Snap up hors doeuvres and light up the night with glowsticks, everyones favorite [non-toxic] luminescent chemicals. This will truly be the pinnacle of parties. 10:00 PM 1:00 AM Simmons Sleepover Soireé Come hangout with us as we do super awesome nail art, consume impressive amounts of junk food, and watch chick flicks! 11:59 PM 2:00 AM  Tuesday, September 1st Mystery Breakfast There will be food, breakfast food. We have not been authorized by our research staff to say more at this time. 8:00 AM 11:00 AM Water War Prep Help Simmons prepare for the Water War in front of the large steps in front of Simmons. 2:30 PM 5:45 PM Salad and Henna Sick of eating burgers and hot dogs? Embrace your inner brontosaurus or triceratops by munching on some salad! We also have Henna! 3:00 PM 5:00 PM FOR THE GLORY OF THE MOTHERSPONGE! COME ONE, COME ALL, AND MARCH FOR THE GLORY OF THE MOTHERSPONGE! (to the water war that is, trojan duck included) 5:30 PM 5:45 PM The Consolidation Dinner Celebrate the heroes! Mourn the fallen! Win or lose, lets eat! 6:00 PM 7:30 PM SIMFEST!: Scooter Hockey Roll around on scooters in Simmons dining and act like you are in 4th grade again! Score goals! Claim everlasting glory! 7:00 PM 9:00 PM SIMFEST!: Powerpoint Karaoke We prepared the slides, and you wont be prepared (This event will occur in the first half of SimFEST) 7:00 PM 9:00 PM SIMFEST!: Resistance Sad that you died on the first night in Mafia? Play Resistance! 7:00 PM 9:00 PM SIMFEST!: Minute To Win It Mini games + 60 seconds on the clock. Do you have what it takes? 7:00 PM 9:00 PM SIMFEST!: MAFIA! A party game of scumhunting, deceit, and villainy! 7:00 PM 9:00 PM SIMFEST!: Mahjong Tilemasters Vanquish your opponents in MAHJONG, the 4-player tile game of skill, luck, and fun, to become a Tilemaster! 7:00 PM 9:00 PM SIMFEST!: Henna Tattoos Your first day of college? Get a tattoo! A temporary one of course â€" but your folks dont have to know that. 7:00 PM 9:00 PM SIMFEST!: Gatas After Dinner fast-paced pool table game. Come and join! 7:00 PM 9:00 PM SIMFEST!: Emboss like a Boss Basic introduction to the magical Simmons Craftroom (magical wardrobe not required) 7:00 PM 9:00 PM SIMFEST!: Dinos, Dramatic Music, and DIY Ice Cream Take a break from hunting dinos to feast on frozen dairy, handcrafted by you. 7:00 PM 9:00 PM SIMFEST! Decorating Rainbow Cookies Come make cookie art and feed it to the dinosaurs! Or decorate two and feed yourself as well. Masterpieces will be eaten. 7:00 PM 9:00 PM SIMFEST!: Card Games Cards Against Humanity, Mao, President, BS, Go Fish, Egyptian Ratscrew, UNO. Come play some quirky card games! If you have one we haven’t heard of, just tell us the rules. 7:00 PM 9:00 PM SIMFEST!: Cupcake roulette Mayonnaise or marmalade? Wasabi or walnut? What will you get in your mystery cupcake? 7:00 PM 9:00 PM SIMFEST!: 2nd Annual Swagfest hunt em down 7:00 PM 9:00 PM SIMFEST!: Battle of the Fakes Forget skill, your goal is to make it look cool. ft. Lip syncing, shakespearean acting, movie swordfighting, etc. (This event will occur in the second half of SimFEST) 7:00 PM 9:00 PM SIMFEST!: Space Team and Screaming play space team and scream. 7:00 PM 9:00 PM SIMFEST!: Water War But this time with ping pong balls, solo cups, and your favorite juice or soda. Come get your daily dose of vitamin while having some fun! (This event will occur in the second half of SimFEST) 7:00 PM 9:00 PM SIMFEST!: How to Microwave Cooking like a real college student! 7:00 PM 9:00 PM Sardines Enjoy reverse hide-and-seek in the architectural wonder which is Simmons Hall. Keep your eyes out for any free-ranging dinosaurs 10:30 PM 11:59 PM Smores Stay by the campfire (read: grill) and tell scary stories or take your smores and go just dont wander too far or the T-Rex will get you! Vegan marshmallows available. 10:30 PM 11:59 PM  Wednesday, September 2nd Breakfast Dinner Theres nothing better than pancakes after a frenzied night of collecting pages or sardines or marshmallow goodness. Join us for more of our wonderful assortment of regular and rainbow pancakes! 8:00 AM 11:00 AM Throwing ALL of the Water Balloons Those folks that didnt help out with REX events we are coming with velociraptors. and lots of squishy water balloons left from the water war. Rawr. 10:00 PM 11:00 PM Post Tagged #REX #Simmons Hall

Is It Fair For Everyone - 848 Words

Life isn’t fair for everyone, where you were born into have a massive influence on your status in life, whether you’re able to enjoy a leisure life in a first world country, or struggling every day in a third world. What if you were told that being born North and South of the equatorial line not only affects you, but the entire human history? We don’t frequently look at the world as a whole to form our ideas, but what we’re exposed to. Jared Diamond, a professor of Geography in UCLA searched for an explanation for the difference in conditions, instead of stopping at Guns, Germs and Steel, the ultimate cause however, was due to the geography, leading to the proximate cause for the food, farming, access to animals and cultures, these factors allow for continue and rapid growth. However, with these blessings also come with complications, with growth come a crowded population, increase in waste and pest, contact with each other, these are factors that allow th e facilitation of many diseases. To which, can be said that brought an impact that is equivalent or greater than the effect of guns and steel on the European conquest and colonization. What led Professor Diamond to explore the disparity in the technological and industrial progress of countries in Eurasia, was his encounter in Papa New Guinea, after staying with the people there, it seems that they are capable and hardworking, yet the Westerner had more â€Å"cargoes† or things that they do not have. From the nutritious crop ofShow MoreRelatedDon t You Feel Everyone Should Receive A Fair Trial1385 Words   |  6 PagesDon’t you feel everyone should receive a fair trial when being accused of a crime? Well, 19 years ago, on January 13, 1999, a boy at Woodland High School in Baltimore named Adnan was accused of manual strangling of a girl named Hae Min Lee. He supposedly told Jay, a buddy of his, that he was going to kill her. After Hae’s missing body was recovered , Jay went to the police and the state used his testimony against Adnan. Recently, a serial podcast was developed by Sarah Koenig, a detective who goesRead MoreDrugs Should Be Banned For Professional Sports1211 Words   |  5 Pagespeople that believe performance enhancing drugs should be illegal in professional sports, some say they should be legal because using the drugs should be the athlete s decision, not someone else’s and steroid use could possibly even make the sport more fair than it is today. Athletes in professional sports should be allowed to make their own decision whether or not to use performance enhancers. â€Å"If athletes prefer the gains in performance allegedly provided by the use of steroids† and they understandRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee663 Words   |  3 Pagesportrays Atticus as a man who values justice, wiseness and fair-mindedness. Atticus is a man with morals. When he sees a person, white or black in need of justice he is always there to help, no matter the cost. In Maycomb County when a black man is on trial he is automatically seen as guilty. When Atticus was chosen to defend Tom Robinson many of the people in the community took it upon themselves to pay him a visit. It was understood by everyone that Tom had no chance and some of the men in the countyRead MoreAtticus: A Symbol of Justice and Equality Essay536 Words   |  3 PagesI’m the same in the house as outside of the house. In the book To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee Atticus shows he is fair to everyone no matter where he is. Atticus believes everyone should be treated equal. No matter who Atticus puts in danger he treats everyone fairly. Atticus shows his children how to respect people and treat them right no matter what the other person does or says to them. Atticus symbolizes equality and justice not only in the courtroom but outside of the courtroom. Tom isRead MoreWhat is the difference between being fair and being equal? In our society, do people have an equal or fair shot?1514 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿What is the difference between being fair and being equal? In our society, do people have an equal or fair shot? Equality is a recurring theme throughout history. It came up during the late nineteenth century and in the early twentieth century due to the introduction of the women suffrage acts. Those acts   lead up to the nineteenth amendment in 1920 which included â€Å"The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on accountRead MoreIt is Advisable that Everyone Should Get Vaccinated Against H1N1 Influenza 1084 Words   |  5 PagesLawrence Gostins â€Å"Swine Flu Vaccine: What Is Fair?† (2009), he explains his doubts for the Swine Flu vaccination by emphasizing how rich countries have a large advantage over poor countries in receiving the vaccine, how high authorities are hardly helping the poor countries with their struggle to afford vaccinations, and what groups of people are considered the â€Å"priority groups† throughout America. I feel that it is definitely advisable for everyone to be vaccinated against H1N1 Influenza (â€Å"SwineRead MoreAffirmative Debate: Acces to Drinking Water Essay676 Words   |  3 Pagestoday’s debate is Justice, which is keeping equality and providing what is fair for the people. Justice should be viewed as the most important idea in this round because it is necessary to keeping order in modern society. My value of Justice is upheld by the Criteria of protecting life. It is only fair that every human’s life is protected in order to allow them a chance at a survival. The only way to ensure justice to everyone is to protect their lives, thus giving them a chance in the world. ToRead MoreThe Island of Equal Rights and Freedom in Lord of the Flies by William Golding802 Words   |  4 Pagesleadership style because everyone has equal rights and that is fair. Firstly, Ralph gives everyone on the island a chance to express their opinion and contribute. Secondly, getting rescued is the most important thing for Ralph. Last but not least, Jack is very self centered and selfish. He is rude and inconsiderate. He doesn’t care about anyone but himself. Ralph gives everyone on the island equal rights and freedoms. Ralph makes everyone feel worthy but Jack makes almost everyone feel useless. FirstlyRead MoreFair Play Means Using Sport to Make a Better World1612 Words   |  7 PagesFair Play means using Sport to make a better world. To be successful in sport, you need to have the right attitude. Honesty, dignity, fair play, respect, teamwork, commitment and courage are essential to lead a memorable sporting performance. All of these indispensible values can be summed up in the term ‘fair play’. Through various sporting events, the values of fair play can be put into practice in order to help make the world a better place. Hence, sport can be powerful by allowing youngRead MoreA Theory of Justice by John Rawls771 Words   |  3 PagesOriginal Position and Justification† is a chapter where Rawls persuades his readers into taking the original position seriously. The original position is a position where people are equal and are rational in order to make principles that they live by fair. However, there is a problem with rational decisions being biased, where people will choose principles to benefit themselves. Therefore, the veil of ignorance will restrict a person’s knowledge about s ocial status, intelligence, gender, race, ethnicity

T Unit Measurement in Linguistics

A T-Unit is a measurement in  linguistics, and refers to a main clause plus any subordinate clauses that may be attached to it. As defined by Kellogg W. Hunt (1964), the T-unit, or minimal terminable unit of language, was intended to measure the smallest word group that could be considered a grammatical sentence, regardless of how it was punctuated. Research suggests that the length of a T-unit may be used as an index of syntactic complexity. In the 1970s, the T-unit became an important unit of measurement in sentence-combining research. T Unit Analysis T-unit analysis, developed by Hunt (1964) has been used extensively to measure the overall syntactic complexity of both speech and writing samples (Gaies, 1980). The T-unit is defined as consisting of a main clause plus all subordinate clauses and nonclausal structures that are attached to or embedded in it (Hunt, 1964). Hunt claims that the length of a T-unit is parallel to the cognitive development of a child and thus the T-unit analysis provides an intuitively satisfying and stable index of language development. The T-units popularity is due to the fact that it is a global measure of linguistic development external to any particular set of data and allows for meaningful comparison between first and second language acquisition. . . .T-unit analysis has been successfully used by Larsen-Freeman Strom (1977) and Perkins (1980) as an objective measure to evaluate the quality of ESL student writing. T-unit measures used in this study include words per composition, sentences per composi tion, T-units per composition, error-free T-units per composition, words in error-free T-units per composition, T-unit length, and ratio of errors versus T-units per composition. (Anam Govardhan, Indian Versus American Students Writing in English. Dialects, Englishes, Creoles, and Education, ed. by Shondel J. Nero. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2006)By analogy with the way modifiers work in sentences, [Francis] Christensen thinks of subordinate T-units as modifying the more general T-unit that semantically encompasses them. The point can be illustrated by the following sentence of William Faulkners: Joads lips stretched tight over his long teeth a moment, and he licked his lips, like a dog, two licks, one in each direction from the middle. Like a dog modifies licked his lips, a relatively general description which could encompass various other types of lip-licking. Similarly, two licks starts to explain how a dog licks its lips, hence is more specific than like a dog. And one in each direction from the middle explains two licks even more specifically. (Richard M. Coe, Toward a Grammar of Passages. Southern Illinois Univ. Press, 1988) T-Units and Ordered Development Since young children tend to connect short main clauses with and, they tend to use relatively few words/T-unit. But as they mature, they begin to use a range of appositives, prepositional phrases, and dependent clauses that increase the number of words/T-unit. In subsequent work, Hunt (1977) demonstrated that there is a developmental order in which students develop the capacity to perform types of embedding. Other researchers (e.g. ODonnell, Griffin Norris, 1967) used Hunts unit of measurement to conclusively show that the words/T-unit ratio went up in both oral and written discourse as writers matured. (Thomas Newkirk, The Learner Develops: The High School Years. Handbook of Research on Teaching the English Language Arts, 2nd ed., ed. by James Flood et al. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2003)

Is Routine Circumcision of Infants Ethical Free Essays

History of Circumcision: Reviewing the history of circumcision and the many misguided reasons for its practice will help form an understanding of the multifaceted issues concerning routine infant circumcision. Some of the earliest evidence of male circumcision comes from Egypt around the year 3000 BC. However, researchers studying this practice do not understand or agree on its purpose. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Routine Circumcision of Infants Ethical? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some researches believe that circumcision was a form of branding for slaves while others thought it to be from the priestly class as a form of religious ritual. But when is more pertinent to this argument is that the early Greeks and Romans outlawed male circumcision believing it to be a barbaric form of mutilation of male genitalia. The first documented purpose for circumcision is in the Old Testament Scriptures (Gen 17:10) concerning the covenant between Abraham and God, representative of the relationship between Israel and Yahweh. According to the governing doctrinal resource for Catholics worldwide, the Catechism of the Catholic Church, the explanation for Old Testament circumcision is in section 1150. 1150 – †¦Among these liturgical signs from the Old Covenant are circumcision, anointing and consecration of kings and priests, laying on of hands, sacrifices, and above all the Passover. The Church sees in these signs a prefiguring of the sacraments of the New Covenant. † The circumcision of Jesus in the New Testament explains that when Jesus came, as the fulfillment of prophecy that the new covenant manifested through th e innocent blood of Jesus replaces once and for all the old covenant through Father Abraham. There is no longer a need for animal sacrifices and the early Christian community determined that baptism was to be the new sign of the covenant. â€Å"527- Jesus’ circumcision, on the eighth day after his birth, is the sign of his incorporation into Abraham’s descendants, into the people of the covenant. It is the sign of his submission to the Law and his deputation to Israel’s worship, in which he will participate throughout his life. This sign prefigures that â€Å"circumcision of Christ† which is Baptism. Routine infant circumcision in the United States became prevalent in the Victorian age (1840) and reached its height during the Cold War (1940) when technology, hospitals, and modern medicine sought to institutionalize the birthing process. Including more than 90% of boys, infant circumcisions became so routine that doctors performed the procedure without actually receiving consent from the parents. Parents not desiring the process for their sons wer e considered negligent. Given the history and the misguided reasons for practicing routine circumcision, â€Å"Why would a parent authorize, a doctor perform, or an insurance company pay for, the routine circumcision of infants? † A. Health Reasons- certainly it would be ethical to surgically remove the penis foreskin of a male infant if in some way it presented a health risk; there is no real argument here. B. Tradition-for generations, infants have undergone various procedures under the reasoning of â€Å"tradition. From binding feet in Japan (which has been banned) to piercing ears, and stretching necks, tradition plays a large part in the decision for circumcision. Many men, who like their own fathers were circumcised as infants, think that their child in turn might as well be circumcised too. However, is there any real thinking going on here at all? I argue that just because everyone else jumps off a bridge, is that any reason for you to jump off as well. Religious Beliefs- I would have to say yes, it is ethical to have a child circumcised if you are following a true religious belief. The parent who has legal authority over their child may choose (and in fact is morally obligated to choose) to do what they believe is in the best interest of the child. Therefore, for the Jews who believe that the outward sign of circumcision establishes their child in a covenantal relationship with God; they are well within their ethical right and responsibility to have their sons circumcised. Freedom of religion is one of the building blocks of our free nation. Circumcision mentality: Today thanks in part to our mass media; modern society is ruled by prevailing mentalities. These pervasive mindsets allure us to what appears to be the benefits of circumcision, while completely obscuring any possible negative ramifications. The mentality is permeated into societal norms, which are almost impossible to resist, and are most difficult to correct. An accepted societal mentality is further driven by force of habit. Among other things, we live in a society that assumes that a male infant in the United States is routinely circumcised. Seldom are discussions of the pros and cons of the procedure brought to the attention of the parent, unless the parent specifically requests it. Even then, the doctor may say, â€Å"It is not medically necessary but if the boys father has been circumcised, then you should probably have your son circumcised as well†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦or â€Å"you wouldn’t want him to look different than his friends when he becomes a high school student in the locker room. † Medical Ethics: When looking into medical ethics, the Oath of Hippocrates standard for medical professionals since 400 BCE shed some additional light onto the situation. From the Oath: â€Å"I do solemnly swear by whatever I hold most sacred, that I will be loyal to the profession of medicine†¦that I will exercise my art, solely for the cure of my patients and the prevention of disease†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Therefore, considering the Hippocrates oath, a routine circumcision of an infant male does not fall into the category of â€Å"†¦curing a patient, and the preventing of disease†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Why then would doctors perform such an unnecessary procedure Catholic Theological Ethics: As a student of Theology, from a Roman Catholic perspective I have yet to hear a discussion concerning the morality of circumcision. However after researching the Catechism of the Catholic Church (CCC) under the subtitle â€Å"Mutilation of body parts† section 2297 reads, â€Å"Except when performed for strictly therapeutic medical reasons, directly intended amputations, mutilations, and sterilizations performed on innocent persons are against the moral law. † VI. Personal Ethics: Each parent possesses the God given right to make certain decisions on behalf of their young children who cannot make these decisions themselves. A good example is immunizations; no infant has the capability to make this decision, so the parent, in the child’s best interest makes the decision to have the child immunized. I am a mother of four sons, born in the years 1983, 1985, 1991 and 1992. Although the father of the boys was circumcised however, none of our boys is circumcised. To this day, none of them has ever had trouble of any kind, nor has it been an issue in the locker room. The decision to leave the boys as they were born, uncircumcised, was based on the fact that it was not a medical necessity, that anesthetic was not used (they had just been traumatized in birth), and that there was a possibility of complications from the procedure. Parents need to take a more proactive stance in researching the pros and cons of the procedure, and should spend at least as much time and energy on this decision as they do in picking out a new car! VII. Objective – If the objective of the National Organization of Circumcision of Infants Resource Center is to reduce the number of routine circumcisions performed, I believe that to pursue this objective through legal channels alone would be fruitless. Big government has more than enough authority in dictating to families what they can and cannot do for their children. Your best bet would be to lobby the insurance companies. Perhaps you could demand coverage for an elective surgical procedure such as having your breasts enlarged and when they tell you no that it is just a cosmetic or optional procedure, sue them for discriminatory practices. The last thing an insurance company wants is a class action lawsuit. It would be simple for them to simply take routine infant circumcisions off their list of covered procedures. In addition, a non-covered expense for an unnecessary procedure may prompt parents to give this issue closer consideration. D. Moral Law: Next, one must consider which law is the governing authority in your life. The Moral Law operates under a set of religious beliefs. Found within the moral law are the Jewish Law, and the Christian Law (for the sake of brevity we will not mention other religious groups here). The Jewish Law of Circumcision establishes a covenant between God and Abraham (Gen 17:10), representative of Yahweh and Israel. The Christian Law comes into effect with the birth of Jesus. Jesus becomes the new sign of the covenant, with the Baptism of infants as the effective cause. Concerning Civil Law under which all persons are bound; it has little criteria for establishing ethical arguments. One may ask questions of the law: if allowing an un-anaesthetized circumcision is lawful, and what recourse would a child have if the procedure causes permanent damage to the male organ but these are considered civil, not ethical. Additionally, why would an insurance company pay for such an unnecessary procedure (when so many don’t pay for many true necessities)? Perhaps it should be regarded as â€Å"elective surgery† and therefore it would be a charge paid for entirely by the parent requesting the procedure, not as an â€Å"ordinary and customary† procedure paid for by the insurance companies. However, the Hebrew people alone practiced the circumcision of infants on the 8th day after birth. The child’s father, using a flint knife, preformed circumcision How to cite Is Routine Circumcision of Infants Ethical?, Papers

Essentials of a Valid Contract free essay sample

To be enforceable by law an agreement must possess the essential elements of a valid contract as laid down by Sec. 10 of Contract Act in the following terms; ‘All agreements are contracts if they are made by the free consent of parties competent to contract, for a lawful consideration and with a lawful object, and are not hereby expressly declared to be void. ’ Following are the conditions for validity of the contract in detail. 1. Offer and Acceptance: There must be an agreement based on a lawful offer made by one party and a lawful acceptance of that offer from the other party. The adjective lawful implies that the offer and acceptance must satisfy the requirements of the Contract Act in relation thereto. 2. Legal Relationship: The parties must have intended their agreement to have legal consequences and legal obligations. Agreements of a social or domestic nature do not contemplate legal relations, and as such they do not give rise to a contract. We will write a custom essay sample on Essentials of a Valid Contract or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3. Lawful Consideration: Consideration means something in return (quid pro quo). For a valid contract both parties must have provided consideration, i. e. each side must promise to give or do something for other. However, it must be legal, real, harmless and not immoral. 4. Competent Parties: The parties to an agreement must be competent to contract. The contracting parties must be of the age of majority and of sound mind and must not be disqualified by any law to which they are subject. (Section 11) 5. Free Consent: Free consent of all parties is another essential element. Consent means that the parties must have agreed upon same things in the same sense. Consent is said to be free if it is not obtained by coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation or mistake. (Section 14) 6. Lawful Object: Object means ‘the purpose of entering into a contract’. For the formation of a valid contract it is also necessary that the parties to an agreement must agree for a lawful object. According to Sec. 23 the object of an agreement is lawful, if it is Not forbidden by law; Not fraudulent; or Not involves or implies injury to the person or property of another Not regarded immoral by the Court Not opposed to public policy. Not immoral. 7. Not Expressly Declared Void: The agreement must not have been expressly declared to be void under the Act. Sec. 24-30 and Sec56 specifies certain types of expressly declared void agreements: Agreement in restrain of marriage, trade, or legal proceedings. (sec. 26,27,27) Agreement by way of wager. (sec. 30) Agreement to do impossible acts. (sec. 56) Agreement the meaning of which is not certain. (sec. 29) 8. Writing and Registration: The prescribed legal formalities of writing, registration, etc. necessary for the agreement to be enforceable by law must have been observed. It must be in writing, properly attested by witnesses and registered if so required by law. The absence of any of the essentials explained above will not result in a valid contract but a void contract.

The Unknown Citizen Analysis Essays - The Necklace,

The Unknown Citizen Analysis The story The Star, which was written in 1970s, is trying to say that we need to understand the truth of our fate rather than put on blinders and quit refusing everything else that we dont want to see. In the story The Necklace written by Guy De Maupassant the woman worked herself to the bone for ten years trying to pay off the debt used to pay for the necklace she lost at the ball. The woman in this story is a poor pretty woman who thought she deserved a better life than one that she already had. The main character in this story is a woman named Louis, the daughter of simple working class man. Both stories include a sub theme of a hope for a better life, in which all men were created equal and all the ugly injustices in the world would cease to exist. But the cold hard fact is that we humans have this innate sense of optimism, which blocks our thinking for reality, because without it we would have no reason for living. In the case of he woman in the story The necklace the object being the necklace, which she eventually loses, and trys to replace. Instead of hiding the truth and facing the music, which was harder, to take than when she lied. The old adage which says, What a tangled web weave when we first start to deceive. We humans can't handle the truth. We think we know what is the truth. What that really is just bull*censored*. It's arrogance-playing tricks on our minds making us think we are in control of our lives. If we really were in control of our lives then why can't we control every little aspect of it that gives discomfort? Because we can't, because we don't know how, and eventually the truth will show that is we don't what the truth really is. Using the slippery slope logic one can conclude that the two stories are more similar than they are different but because the assignment at hand requires for me to compare and contrast in an illustrative manner then I guess I should start. In the story the Star the setting is on a rocket ship with astronauts and the setting in the necklace is old France in the late 1970's. The Star is a science fiction story while the necklace is an illustrative story. In the necklace the story is told from the third people point of view compared to the Star's point of view is in the first person. The necklace discusses the social classes distinction in detail while in the star is describes the Astrology in detail. The person who wrote the necklace was French was illustrative the author of the star was clearly American. The main focus of the story is based on the importance of having money while the star is about the survival of the fittest. The similarities in both stories include that both deal with theme of hope. One is more graphic in the account of survival as portrayed in the star but the details in how the girl had to work hard in how each detail in her work day was shown through words was illustrative. Both deal with the issue of false pretense that living a certain life would bring true happiness, which in both cases should that, it didn't. The dismal setting Star is in contrast with the grandeur at which the Necklace is played out. The false hope that we control our own destiny is both misinterpreted by everyone. That is why these two stories, which are about two different subjects, seem to have the same effect on a person, which is depression. Compare and Contrast the Star and The Necklace Glen Gemeniano March 7, 2000 Example Illustration ENG 1A COLE M/1:00pm-4:00pm Bibliography WH AUDEN, The Unknown Citizen Thesis and Dissertations

MIDDLE EAST Essays - Western Asia, Arabian Peninsula, Free Essays

MIDDLE EAST Essays - Western Asia, Arabian Peninsula, Free Essays MIDDLE EAST MIDDLE EAST Regional Makeup- There are three main regions that make up the Middle East. The Fertile Cresent it includes the countries of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Isreal, and Jordan. It is a 1000 mile long area of, fertile land and is shaped like a cresent moon. Another region is the Highlands it includes the countries of Turkey, Iran, and Afghanistan.A sereies of mountain ranges stretch through these countries. They are the Taurus Mountains,Elburz Mountains, and the Zagros Mountains.A third region is the Arabian Peninsula it is bordered by the Red Sea, Persian Gulf and,Arabian Sea. Its land area is about 1 milloin squaremiles Saudi Arabia the largest country in the Middle East takes up much of the area. Much of the rest is covered by the Rub' al-Khali or the empty quarter. Physical Features- There are many physical features made up of water such as seas the Red, Mediterranean, Dead, Caspian, Arabain, and Black. Rivers the Euphrates and Tigris are the main rivers. Straits the Bosporus and the Dardanelles. Gulfs Aden, Persian, and Oman. There is also two plateaus the Iranian and the Anatolian and three main mountain chains Zagros, Elburz, and the Taurus. Deserts the Rub' al-Khali (empty quater). Lifestyles- If you lived in the Middle East you would probally not have much money and no material things. You have to work all day to survive the types of work you would probally be doing is herding sheep,weaving baskets,selling fruit at the markets,and trading goods. Languages- Pastro,Dari,Farsi,Turkish,Kurdish,Arabic,Persian,Hebrew,English,French, and Armenian. Major agricultural,manufactured, and exported products- Exports-Crude Oil,Petroleum, Services, Machinery,Diamonds, and Natural Gas. Imports-Motor Vehicles, Machinery,Food,and Crude Oil. Agriculture-sheep and fruits. The thing that interested me most about the Middle East is that if you are a muslim you must visit Mecca at least once in your life if you can afford it. That interests me because if you are catholic you do not have to visit Vatican City home of the Pope. Another thing that interested me about the muslim religion is that you must pray in the direction of Mecca wich is the most holy city in the muslim religion. Extra tidbits of information- In our textbooks it states that three major religions were started in the Middle East they were Judism,Christianity,and Islamic but I found out that a fourht major religion was also started there it is Zoroastrianism. The meaning for the word muslim is "Those who surrender to gods will" In sixth century B.C. the Persians overran the whole Middle East and set up a ruling system that became the model for all later empires.

Improving Waste Management Strategies for Small Livestock Farms Term Paper

Improving Waste Management Strategies for Small Livestock Farms - Term Paper Example The operations of CAFOs lead to production of wastes like manure, litter and the waste water from operations. They are known to have a high content of nitrogen, phosphorus, other metals and a host of harmful bacteria if not managed all these harmful substances can easily get into the environment. It is of importance that factors should put in place to prevent pollution from these small AFOs. The average size of farms has increased steadily over the last several years of this is due to the lucrative livestock industry, which has been known to yield high profits. Six major air pollutants have been identified as coming from AFOs areas or any animal housing areas, animal waste treatment areas they are known to highly contribute to the greenhouse gas emissions. They Include; ammonia nitrous oxide, methane, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide. The best way to combat these in small farms is in the building of bio gas digesters, which provide cooking gases well as electricity and harness danger ous gases like methane preventing it from getting into the atmosphere (Ciravolo p 259). Though this has been known to be a capital intensive venture individuals, may form small organizations with a cooperative like to set up so that they can put the necessary infrastructure in place for the harnessing of these gases. This will also enable them to harness these gases in large scales, and this can lead to a viable economic return from its sales in the neighboring households. However, this is not a new approach and the stakeholders have to embrace technological means to ensure that they have the best approach to guarantee a clean environment as well as an effective conducive environment to coexist with other small scale farmers. Another major contributor is the odorous gases which lead to anaerobic degradation. Anaerobic degradation involves the decline of composite organic compounds to a range of odorous VFAs by bacteria that form acids. These bacteria alter VFAs to odorless methane a nd carbon dioxide. If these anaerobic components are in equilibrium, most redolent compounds are removed. The governments ought to recognize the status of small-scale livestock farmers and offer incentives to enable them to efficiently deal with waste management. This may be in the form of subsidies, or tax waivers for those who efficiently comply with the regulations put in place. Manure is a byproduct of the whole aspect of livestock production though it is normally viewed as a useful by-product mostly by the farmers. It still poses serious environmental problems if not utilized, applied or disposed in the right manner. Manure contains pathogens and bacteria from within the systems of these animals eliminated as waste products. These pose a big challenge to even the farmers themselves. Pathogens also pose a major challenge; it mainly gets its way to underground water percolation Percolating water provides the adequate mechanism for percolation of microorganisms through soil profil es. In inundated flow, water passes the soil filtering process thus; taking microorganisms with it through the soil profile the best way to address the pathogen problem is by carrying out process like air drying. Air drying is the process through which Animal wastes like manure is desiccated on sand beds basins or any other exposure to the

Global Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Global Trade - Essay Example Consequently, fair trade has not developed in Third World countries, such as those of Africa and Latin America. Globalization is a post-World War II phenomenon that evolved based on the need to identify ways to promote economic progress among newly independent countries that used to be colonies. According to Piasecki and Wolnicki (2004), "After the second World War, there was widespread interest among economists in finding solutions to the poverty and underdevelopment left behind by the disintegrating colonial system" (par. 3). Experiments with planned economies in the 1950s and 1960s were met with only limited success, and frequent failure, in the developing world. "Until the 1980s, a score of developing nations experimented with non-market theories and concepts, but with rather limited success. Brazil, India experienced a few years of non-sustainable growth in the 1960s. Unfortunately, none of these countries could match the successes of those that chose the mixed economy and the market system in 1990s" (par. 8). By the 1980s, it became apparent that Third World development lagged and there was a need for a new approach. "By the 1980s, against many prominent economists' expectations, development had not materialized in the Third World - with the exception of the Gulf nations. Even in countries such as Qatar, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia, where significant growth was observed, employment gains were generally unsatisfactory. Everywhere else in the developing world inequality and poverty grew. In addition, inflow of capital and Western consumption standards challenged traditional sectors and the existing power structures. As a result, tensions between modernizers and Islamic traditionalists heightened" (par. 9). In other parts of the world, the 1980s also brought a realization that economic development approaches had not been adequate. The 1980s came to be known as Latin America's "lost decade," in which there was "mounting debt, inflation, and negative growth" throughout much of the region (par. 15). A consensus began to grow around the idea that "a free market and open economy supported development far better than any form of protectionism and state interventionism." A new model of global capitalism, spearheaded by America, began to take hold in the 1990s in the hopes of reversing the economic stagnation in the Third World that had marked the decades since World War II. A theory began to take hold that opening up economies, spurring international investment, and knocking down trade barriers would produce a rising economic tide that would benefit both the developed and the developing world. It was hoped that multinational corporations let loose to pursue their profits across political boundaries would be the engine that spurred a new era of global economic growth. The new economic model was based on "tough fiscal and monetary policy, deregulation, foreign trade and capital flow liberalization, elimination of government subsidies, moderate taxation, liberalization of interest rates, maintenance of low inflation, and so forth. The proponents of these comprehensive liberal reforms strongly believed that the 'miracle of the market' would eventually so lve the problems endemic to underdevelopment. A special role in this process

Role of Exchange Rate Regime in Argentinas 2001 Crisis

Role of Exchange Rate Regime in Argentinas 2001 Crisis Discuss the role of the exchange rate regime in contributing to the 2001 crisis in Argentina. Introduction For much of Argentina’s history, the country has been plagued by a cycle of economic and political instability. Despite the country’s rich resource base, the economy performed badly from the 1950s to the early 1990s. According to the Economist (2002), ‘between 1976 and 1989, income per person shrank by more than 1% per year. Two bouts of hyperinflation, and two banking collapses, destroyed confidence in both the peso and economic policy.’ In order to combat this, in 1991, Menem and his economy minister Domingo Cavallo pegged the Argentine peso one-to-one with the dollar, and this succeeded in halting inflation. However, within ten years this came to be seen as a mistake. Aside from being a means to control inflation, the exchange rate regime can also be seen as Menem deliberately â€Å"tying his hands† in order to avoid taking responsibility for sensitive or unpopular decisions. For example, prices could now rise without wage increases due to currenc y devaluation. Menem had been a very popular president but in the end he left his second term of office in 1999 very much discredited. His government oversaw the development of sharp inequalities and the increasing resentment of the discluded. He lacked any systematic pro-poor or pro-development policies. Menem reduced inflation from a high of about 5000% to 0 and until about 1999, the economy was doing well with stable inflation and stable growth (an average annual rate of 6.1% between 1991 and 1997). From 1999, however, there was serious recession in Argentina and by 2001 just about everything that could be wrong with an economy (aside from inflation) was wrong with the Argentinian economy, and in early 2002 the country defaulted on its $155 billion public debt. The Economist (2002) spoke of the ‘awe-inspiring severity of the economic, financial, political and social collapse’ of Argentina. This essay first examines the theoretical arguments in favour of adopting a pegged exchange rate. Turning to the case of Argentina, the essay then investigates why the exchange rate regime implemented by Menem did not work, how this contributed to the 2001 crisis, and what other factors contributed to the crisis. Pegged exchange rates A government has various different options in terms of exchange rate mechanisms (Fischer 2001). The currency can be allowed to float freely, the exchange rate can be pegged to another currency or group of currencies in a soft way such that the relevant authorities agree to defend the peg but can re-value it if the exchange rate comes under heavy pressure, or it can be pegged hard. Alternatively, some countries have chosen to do away with their national currency altogether and use only the dollar – this is known as full dollarization. Argentina opted for the hard peg – a currency board – in 1991. A currency board maintains a fixed exchange rate with a foreign currency thus subordinating conventional monetary policy objectives to the exchange rate target (a peg with the US dollar, for example, maintains interest rates and inflation very close to those in the United State). For an orthodox currency board, the country’s foreign currency reserves must be suffic ient that all holders of the domestic currency could convert it into the reserve currency. The key advantage of a currency board is that currency stability is no longer an issue because the exchange rate is fixed to a hard currency and the level of inflation is determined in the country of that hard currency. On the other hand, a country which adopts a currency board gives up the ability to manipulate monetary policy according to domestic considerations. Furthermore, the fixed exchange rate will determine the country’s terms of trade. The exchange rate regime in Argentina The dollar peg made exports expensive and imports cheap. This resulted in dollars flowing out of the country, and this combined with a heavy debt burden reduced the reserves of dollars. The government ended up with only a fraction of the reserves necessary to maintain the currency board successfully and this was one of the major reasons for the crisis of 2001. While there were clearly other contributing factors, de la Torre et al (2002) argue that the relationship between the exchange rate regime and the Argentine banking system is key to understanding the crisis, and that an early move from the pegged board to full dollarization could have reduced the magnitude of the economic collapse. ‘The establishment of the currency board in 1991 helped develop the Argentine financial system. Despite its strengths, the financial system remained vulnerable to real exchange rate misalignments and fiscal shocks. After 1998, Argentina fell into a currencygrowth-debt trap. It tried to break aw ay by focusing on growth, but failed to address the currency and debt components of the trap, dramatically raising uncertainty. This unleashed a depositor run, which lead to the abandonment of the currency board’ (de la Torre 2002:abstract). Being tied to the highly valued dollar also hurt the economy as Argentine exports became relatively more expensive. As demand for exports fell, Argentina had to turn to the IMF for emergency loans worth $21.6 billion. What other factors contributed to the crisis? It is important to remember that this was not the first crisis that Argentina has suffered. In order to fully understand the causes of the 2001 crisis, it is necessary to put it into historical perspective. Arguably every president since Peron came to power in 1946 had aggravated the country’s economic, political and social problems with an over-personalised style of leadership characterised by corruption and the use of patronage (financed by printing money) to maintain favour. The historical mismanagement of the economy may have sowed the seeds for the 2001 crisis. In addition various external factors can be seen as trigger causes, contributing to the specific timing of the economic collapse. In the first place, the prices for Argentina’s exports stopped rising. Although the total value of exports did grow from 1999 to 2001, the rate of growth was hampered by protectionism and subsidies in rich countries, and many industries could no longer compete abroad. Argentina’s largest export partner was Brazil, a country which was facing economic difficulties of its own. The negative effect on the Argentine economy was two-fold: Brazilian economic problems and a devaluation not only reduced demand for Argentine exports, but lower wages in Brazil attracted many Argentine manufacturers to move their factories across the border into Brazil. Ollier (2003:184) points to the fragmentation of the politico-institutional system and the extreme dependency of the economy on foreign credit as the major causes of the collapse. The loose fiscal policy of Menem’s second term certainly did nothing to help the economy. While his predecessors had encouraged hyperinflation by printing money to buy political support, Menem now printed bonds to finance the fiscal deficit, and the country’s public debt rose and rose. Conclusion Argentina is not a country which should have any problems: it has a rich resource base and a relatively homogeneous population. Yet Argentina has long suffered various economic problems (as well as political and social problems). High levels of expectation have consistently not been matched by performance. Severe sectoral conflict between the agricultural and industrial sectors has hampered economic development. The existence of three highly organised social groups, each attempting to shape economic policy has also impeded the ability of the government to manage the economy effectively: landowners may have few votes but they have immense economic power; the Argentine union movement is one of the most powerful in the world; and the business sector is highly organised and incorporated into the state apparatus. In addition the political systems and institutions have fostered high levels of corruption with devastating effects on the economy. The federal government is unable to curb the f iscal expenditure of the provincial governments. Neo-liberalism requires effective, independent regulatory mechanisms but in Argentina the legal system is too weak and is incapable of scrutinising audit commissions etc. Furthermore, the presidency is too strong and there are no institutional safeguards to keep the presidency in check. The liberal policies of the 1980s and 1990s stabilised the economy, but at the cost of rising unemployment which, coupled with cuts in welfare provisions, took poverty to new depths. Various external shocks brought about the crisis in 2001 but had the exchange rate regime not been in place, the economy may have been sufficiently flexible to respond to, and recover from, these shocks. The rigidity of the currency board and the corresponding inability of the government to manipulate exchange rate policy or monetary policy is what permitted these shocks to lead to such a severe economic collapse. Bibliography de la Torre, A., Levy Yeyati, E. Schmukler, S. (2002) ‘Argentina’s Financial Crisis: Floating Money, Sinking Banking’ (downloaded from http://www.econ.umn.edu/~tkehoe/classes/Schmukler.pdf on 19 March 2007) Economist (2002) ‘Argentina’s collapse: A decline without parallel’, The Economist, 28 February 2002 (downloaded from www.economist.com on 19 March 2007) Fischer, S. (2001) ‘Distinguished Lecture on Economics in Government: Exchange Rate Regimes: Is the Bipolar View Correct?’, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(2) Spring, 2001, pp. 3-24. Ollier, M. (2003) ‘Argentina: Up a Blind Alley Once Again’, Bulletin of Latin American Research, 22(2), pp 170-186

What Similarities and Differences Are There Between Historical and Scientific Explanations?

It is in our human nature to explain everything. Naturally, there are many ways of knowing. Application of these, often defined by certain methodology, are frequently classified into areas of knowledge. Therefore it is natural for one to see similarities and differences within the process of attaining knowledge in different areas of knowledge. When the method forming scientific and historical models for human understanding of the world are examined, many similarities can be seen. These differences and similarities can also be seen when products of explanations are assessed. When scientific and historical explanations are compared one can see many similarities. Empirical evidence are used in both scientific and historical explanations. For example, scientists have found a viable model of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) replication through empirical evidence. In 1958, Matthew Meselsohn and Franklin Stahl devised and executed an experiment to study DNA replication1. They attached two isotopes of nitrogen to each strand of DNA to determine what proportions of the isotope were present in DNA strands after multiple replication process. They observed that after one replication of DNA, each new molecule of DNA possessed one strand with the heavy isotopes of nitrogen. This evidence showed that the replication of DNA is semiconservative – the idea of copying via template2. The use of empirical evidence helped to explain the DNA replication process, even though one could not see the actual strands of DNA replicating. Looking at historical explanations one can see similar applications of empirical evidence. For example, historians such as John Lewis Gaddis came up with theories about the cold war. From observing policies of the United States and the Soviet Union, Gaddis have formulated theories about spheres of influences, and how these spheres of influences led to rising tension between the two super powers and eventually to the cold war. One may conclude that this explanation was formed by analyzing historical evidence such as foreign policies at the time, internal documents, and general events. The process of â€Å"analyzing† these sources produce empirical evidence. The use of empirical evidence is used to explain a point in time that one cannot experience the second time. Similarities also exist in the limitation of scientific and historical explanations. If one were to use invalid empirical data then the final conclusion would be false. For example, it is known that all matter is equally effected by gravity. Yet if one were to observe objects falling in a normal environment it would be hard pressed to come to the conclusion that all objects fall at the same rate. It is difficult for 1 Damon, Alan, Randy McGonegal, Patricia Tosto, and William Ward. Higher Level Biology. Harlow: Heinemann International, 2007. Print. 2 ibid one to conceive that a lead ball and a feather would fall at the same rate. Naturally one would reach the conclusion that a lead ball falls faster than a feather – which is essentially false unless observed in a vacuum. Also if one were to apply laws of Newton, that are constructed by empirical data, to subatomic particles that are moving near speed of light one would reach false conclusions. This is because concepts such as gravity appear to be negligible when particles are moving at near speed of light. In history one must often rely on the use of evidence such as artifacts, eyewitness accounts, and formal documentation to gain knowledge. For example, empirical evidence such as the carved face of the Great Sphinx of Giza can provide how the creator of the statue looked like. If the creator decided to enhance the facial features of the sphinx a historian would lead to the false conclusion about the appearance of the creator. Some key differences can be seen in historical and scientific explanations. Historical explanations are generally open for interpretation. Historical evidence may be chosen and aggregated in certain ways to support one's argument. As a student of history I constantly shape facts in accordance to my thesis. The thesis comes from my own beliefs. For example, such thesis is claiming that differing ideologies played a major role in the development of the Cold War. Most scholars like J. L. Gaddis and Sewell agree that ideology played only a minor role in the development of the Cold War in the late 1940s. However, I can claim that ideology played a very important role in the development of the Cold War and present my evidence to support the argument. Unlike most science my explanation of ideologies in the Cold War does no need to be accepted by the community. In history two or more different explanations may exist and both would be valid. In science, most explanations are not regarded as valid unless the majority of the scientific community accept the explanation. One salient example of this is the discovery and explanation of cold fusion. In March of 1989 Martin Fleischmann, one of the world's leading electro-chemists, and Stanley Pons announced cold fusion3. Nuclear energy, like that which power the sun produced at room temperature, giving off more energy than what was originally put in. This promised to produce energy that is clean and efficient; ending energy problems such as global warming4. Immediately after the announcement prestigious labs such as Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and California Institute of Technology (CALTECH) rushed to reproduce the experiments of Fleischmann and Pons. 5 However, MIT and CALTECH did not produced the same results and could not come to accept explanation. In science, generally, if one cannot reproduce the same result from experiments the explanation is regarded as invalid. Therefor in science only one 3 Cetta, Denise S. â€Å"Cold Fusion Is Hot Again – 60 Minutes – CBS News. † Breaking News Headlines: Business, Entertainment & World News – CBS News. 9 Apr. 2009. Web. 27 Jan. 2010. 4 ibid 5 ibid explanation can exist. However, one can claim that similarities exist in scientific and historical explanations because some scientific explanations are rejected by the community even though they are true. In this case there would be two scientific explanations but one would be invalid. In the case of Cold Fusion it was later discovered that even though nuclear fusion was taking place, results were always varied. The scientific community originally rejected the explanation and discovery because they were unable to reproduce the results of Fleischmann and Pons. Both scientific and historical explanations are generally supplied by empirical evidence. In science one draws explanations from empirical evidence according to predefined rules. For example, a negative charge is repelled from the center of what is named an â€Å"atom†, therefore something must exist in the center of the â€Å"atom† and it must have a positive charge. This explanation is drawn from the rule â€Å"positive and negative deflect†. In history, however, there are no such apparent rules. A key difference that is evident in scientific and historical explanations are the extent to which one can draw empirical evidence. In science one must follow precise rules weather to accept or reject empirical evidence to support explanations. In history, however, there are no such rules one must follow – other than considering the validity of evidence. Some people, such as Henry Gee, an editor of the prestigious science journal Nature, claim that historical explanations do not have similarities with scientific explanations. â€Å"they [historical explanations] can never be tested by experiments, and so they are unscientific. . . . No science can ever be historical†6. This suggests that unless the explanation is adequately â€Å"tested† it is not science. One can see that this is true to a certain extent. As said before, science follow certain rules in which the extent to which one can extrapolate evidence is limited. This generally leads to explanations that are much more integrated and logical. However when considering scientific explanations that cannot be â€Å"tested† in a laboratory that are generally regarded as valid in the scientific community, one can see that they bare similarities to historical explanations. An example of this is the asteroid-impact hypothesis, which explain the fossil records of the dinosaurs in terms of an impact of large asteroid. This cannot obviously be tested in a laboratory, but provide a viable explanation. It is evident that historical and scientific explanations have many similarities and differences. Use of empirical evidence is present in both historical and scientific explanations. They both have the same limitations when using empirical evidence. Similarities and differences are also present in the community aspect. By seeing what similarities and differences exist in science and history it is evident how limitations and advantages of ways of knowing play a role in their respected explanations. Cleland, Carol E. â€Å"Methodological and Epistemic Differences between Historical Science and Experimental Science. † Print. Works Cited Cetta, Denise S. â€Å"Cold Fusion Is Hot Again – 60 Minutes – CBS News. † Breaking News Headlines: Business, Entertainment & World News – CBS News. 19 Apr. 2009. Web. 27 Jan. 2010. . Cleland, Carol E. â€Å"Methodological and Epistemic Differences between Historical Science and Experimental Science. † Print. Damon, Alan, Randy McGonegal, Patricia Tosto, and William Ward. Higher Level Biology. Harlow: Heinemann International, 2007. Print.

State Bank of Mysore Project

INTRODUCTION As a part of the MBA programme, I have undertaken Project Work i. e. an Organizational Study of State Bank of Mysore, which I completed as per the requirements of the organization as well as project rules. This internship did enable me to understand the nuances of the service sector and get an on-hand experience of application of theoretical knowledge. In fact it gave me a look-through to gimmicks of the game and assured me of the fact that „Business is a combo of Art, Science and Profession. I did gain good amount of knowledge since I had an encounter with the assets of the organization or rather Employees of the firm, its? ulture, practices, departments, so†¦ On and so forth. Walter Lipmann says â€Å"The ultimate test of a leader is found by the trail he leaves behind and not by what he has achieved†. And therefore let me take you through further in this report to show you what trail State Bank of Mysore has left by being a Leader in letter and spiri t. The study is limited to the information drawn from the authorities of the organization and its? respective website. The study is not proposed to be an expert study since the time frame offered for the study was very short.However the scope of the study, by and large is all inclusive though there could be areas which are not addressed to due to the reason stated above already. All in all it was an experiential learning that an MBA candidate is expected to possess which was possible because of curriculum defined by the Bangalore University and State Bank of Mysore. Rest assured I am now for this internship has cleared the veil in front of us to let us know how actually does a firm look like and functions, unlike what we had read in the books. Chapter – 1MEANING OF ORGANISATION Organisation is the foundation upon which the whole structure of management is built. Organisation is related with developing a frame work where the total work is divided into manageable components in order to facilitate the achievement of objectives or goals. Thus, organisation is the structure or mechanism (machinery) that enables living things to work together. In a static sense, an organisation is a structure or machinery manned by group of individuals who are working together towards a common goal. Organisation is the process of identifying and grouping work to be performed, defining and delegating responsibility and authority and establishing relationship for the purpose of enabling people to wore most effectively together in accomplishing objectives†. Definition Different authors have defined organisation in different ways. The main definitions of organisation are as follows: †¢ According to Keith Davis, â€Å"Organisation may be defined as a group of individuals, large of small, that is cooperating under the direction of executive leadership in accomplishment of certain common object. †¢ According to Chester I. Barnard, â€Å"Organisation is a system of co-operative activities of two or more persons. † †¢ According to Louis A. Allen, â€Å"Organisation is the process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed, defining and delegating responsibility and authority, and establishing relationship for the purpose of enabling people to work most effectively together in accomplishing objectives. † †¢ According to Mooney and Railey, â€Å"Organisation is the form of every human association for the attainment of a common purpose. † IMPORTANCE OF ORGNISATIONAL STUDYThe effectiveness and efficiency of organization helps in providing the continuity and success to the enterprise. There are many factors that explain the importance and objectives of organisation and they are:- 1. Facilitates Administration: An efficient and sound organisation make easy for the management to relate the flow of resource continually to the overall objectives. A sound organisation helps in providing appropriate platform where m anagement can performs the functions of planning, direction, coordination, motivation and control. 2.Facilitates Growth and Diversification: A sound organisation helps in the growth and diversification of activities. The growth is facilitated by clear division of work, proper delegation of authority etc. In short, it helps in the organisational elaboration. In case of reasonable expansion of organisation, the functional types get replaced by a more flexible decentralized organisation. 3. Permits optimum use of Resources: The optimum use of technical and human resources gets facilitated in sound and efficient organisation. The organisation can have the facilities of latest technological developments and improvements.It also facilitates optimum use of human resources through specialization. The people in the organisation get appropriately trained and get promotion opportunities. A sound organisation provides all the desired potential and strength to the company to meet the future chal lenges. 4. Stimulate Creativity: The specialization in the organisation helps individuals in getting well defined duties, clear lines of authority and responsibility. It encourages the creativity of the people. The sound organisational structure enables mangers to concentrate on important issues where their talent can be exploited to the maximum. . Encourages Humanistic Approach: A sound organisation helps in adopting efficient methods of selection, training, remuneration and promotion for employees. It makes people work in a team and not like machines or robots. Organisation helps in providing factors like job rotation, job enlargement and enrichment to its employees. A sound organisation provides higher job satisfaction to its employees through proper delegation and decentralization, favourable working environment and democratic and participative leadership.It enhances the mode of communication and interaction among different levels of the management. PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION ? The Principle of Objective ? Principle of Specialization ? The Scalar Principle ? The Principle of Authority ? The Principle of Unity of Command OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To study the organization 2. To study various departments such as: a). Operations Management Department b. Planning and Development Department c). Commercial and Institutions Department d). Treasury Department e). Technology Department f). Vigilance and Inspection Department 3.To study the day to day activities of the Bank DATA COLLECTION The methodology used in this study involves the collection of data through various ways such as primary data and secondary data. Primary data Primary data is collected from primary sources the data collected through interview with various department heads and officers of the firm. With the help of managers and employees in various department helps to get a clear idea about the organization and its day to day activities. Secondary data Publications of a wide variety provide a good deal of external secondary data.News paper, magazines, technical journals, trade publications, directories, government publications, committee reports, these are sources of external secondary data. Secondary data can also be purchased in some cases from commercial marketing research services. Various types of written documents within the organization, magazines and internet. a) Price lists b) Catalogues etc c) Internet and websites 1. 6 LIMITATION OF STUDY 1. Very less time span is available for study. 2. Sales data is taken 18th July to 18th August 3. Lack of prior experience. 4. There is a possibility 0f an exaggerated claim. INDUSTRY PROFILE pic] Chapter –2 Overview of Industry Profile A Bank is a financial institution and a financial intermediary that accepts deposits and channels those deposits into lending activities, either directly or through capital markets. A bank connects customers that have capital deficits to customers with capital surpluses. Due to their critic al status within the financial system and the economy] generally, banks are highly regulated in most countries. Most banks operate under a system known as fractional reserve banking where they hold only a small reserve of the funds deposited and lend out the rest for profit.They are generally subject to minimum capital requirements which are based on an international set of capital standards, known as the Basel Accords. The oldest bank still in existence is Monte dei Paschi di Siena, headquartered in Siena, Italy, which has been operating continuously since 1472 Banking Sector in India Banking in India originated in the last decades of the 18th century. The first Banks were The General Bank of India, which started in 1786, and Bank of Hindustan, which started in 1790; both are now defunct.The oldest Bank in existence in India is the State Bank of India, which originated in the Bank of Calcutta in June 1806, which almost immediately became the Bank of Bengal. This was one of the thre e presidency Banks, the other two being the Bank of Bombay and the Bank of Madras, all three of which were established under charters from the British East India Company. For many years the Presidency Banks acted as quasi-central Banks, as did their successors. The three Banks merged in 1921 to form the Imperial Bank of India, which, upon India's independence, became the State Bank of India. HistoryIndian merchants in Calcutta established the Union Bank in 1839, but it failed in 1848 as a consequence of the economic crisis of 1848-49. The Allahabad Bank, established in 1865 and still functioning today, is the oldest Joint Stock Bank in India. (Joint Stock Bank: A company that issues stock and requires shareholders to be held liable for the company's debt) It was not the first though. That honour belongs to the Bank of Upper India, which was established in 1863, and which survived until 1913, when it failed, with some of its assets and liabilities being transferred to the Alliance Ba nk of Shimla.When the American Civil War stopped the supply of cotton to Lancashire from the Confederate States, promoters opened Banks to finance trading in Indian cotton. With large exposure to speculative ventures, most of the Banks opened in India during that period failed. The depositors lost money and lost interest in keeping deposits with Banks. Subsequently, Banking in India remained the exclusive domain of Europeans for next several decades until the beginning of the 20th century. Foreign Banks too started to arrive, particularly in Calcutta, in the 1860s.The Comptoire d'Escompte de Paris opened a branch in Calcutta in 1860, and another in Bombay in 1862; branches in Madras and Pondicherry, then a French colony, followed. HSBC established itself in Bengal in 1869. Calcutta was the most active trading port in India, mainly due to the trade of the British Empire, and so became a Banking centre. The first entirely Indian joint stock Bank was the Oudh Commercial Bank, establish ed in 1881 in Faizabad. It failed in 1958. The next was the Punjab National Bank, established in Lahore in 1895, which has survived to the present and is now one of the largest Banks in India.Around the turn of the 20th Century, the Indian economy was passing through a relative period of stability. Around five decades had elapsed since the Indian Mutiny, and the social, industrial and other infrastructure had improved. Indians had established small Banks, most of which served particular ethnic and religious communities. The presidency Banks dominated Banking in India but there were also some exchange Banks and a number of Indian joint stock Banks. All these Banks operated in different segments of the economy. The exchange Banks, mostly owned by Europeans, concentrated on financing foreign trade.Indian joint stock Banks were generally undercapitalized and lacked the experience and maturity to compete with the presidency and exchange Banks. This segmentation let Lord Curzon to observe The period between 1906 and 1911, saw the establishment of Banks inspired by the Swadeshi movement. The Swadeshi movement inspired local businessmen and political figures to found Banks of and for the Indian community. A number of Banks established then have survived to the present such as Bank of India, Corporation Bank, Indian Bank, Bank of Baroda, Canara Bank and Central Bank of India.No. of Banks Failed & their Capitals | Years |Number of Banks |Authorised capital(Rs. |Paid-up Capital | | |that failed |Lakhs) |(Rs. Lakhs) | | 1913 | 12 | 274 |35 | | 1914 | 42 |710 | 109 | | 1915 | 11 | 56 | 5 | | 916 | 13 |231 | 4 | | 1917 | 9 | 76 |25 | | 1918 | 7 |209 | 1 | Table 2. 1: No. of Banks Failed and its capital The fervour of Swadeshi movement lead to establishing of many private Banks in Dakshina Kannada and Udupi district which were unified earlier and known by the name South Canara ( South Kanara ) district.Four nationalised Banks started in this district and also a leading priva te sector Bank. Hence undivided Dakshina Kannada district is known as â€Å"Cradle of Indian Banking†. During the First World War (1914-1918) through the end of the Second World War (1939-1945), and two years thereafter until the independence of India were challenging for Indian Banking. The years of the First World War were turbulent, and it took its toll with Banks simply collapsing despite the Indian economy gaining indirect boost due to war-related economic activities.At least 94 Banks in India failed between 1913 and 1918 as indicated in the following table: Post-Independence The partition of India in 1947 adversely impacted the economies of Punjab and West Bengal, paralyzing Banking activities for months. India's independence marked the end of a regime of the Laissez-faire for the Indian Banking. The Government of India initiated measures to play an active role in the economic life of the nation, and the Industrial Policy Resolution adopted by the government in 1948 env isaged a mixed economy.This resulted into greater involvement of the state in different segments of the economy including Banking and finance. The major steps to regulate Banking included: ? The Reserve Bank of India, India's central Banking authority, was nationalized on January 1, 1949 under the terms of the Reserve Bank of India (Transfer to Public Ownership) Act, 1948 (RBI, 2005b). ? In 1949, the Banking Regulation Act was enacted which empowered the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) â€Å"to regulate, control, and inspect the Banks in India. † The Banking Regulation Act also provided that no new Bank or branch of an xisting Bank could be opened without a license from the RBI, and no two Banks could have common directors. Nationalisation [pic] Banks Nationalisation in India: Newspaper Clipping, Times of India, July, 20, 1969 Despite the provisions, control and regulations of Reserve Bank of India, Banks in India except the State Bank of India or SBI, continued to be owned and o perated by private persons. By the 1960s, the Indian Banking industry had become an important tool to facilitate the development of the Indian economy.At the same time, it had emerged as a large employer, and a debate had ensued about the nationalization of the Banking industry. Indira Gandhi, then Prime Minister of India, expressed the intention of the Government of India in the annual conference of the All India Congress Meeting in a paper entitled â€Å"Stray thoughts on Bank Nationalisation. † The meeting received the paper with enthusiasm. Thereafter, her move was swift and sudden. The Government of India issued an ordinance and nationalised the 14 largest commercial Banks with effect from the midnight of July 19, 1969.Jayaprakash Narayan, a national leader of India, described the step as a â€Å"masterstroke of political sagacity. † Within two weeks of the issue of the ordinance, the Parliament passed the Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertaking ) Bill, and it received the presidential approval on 9 August 1969. A second dose of nationalization of 6 more commercial Banks followed in 1980. The stated reason for the nationalization was to give the government more control of credit delivery. With the second dose of nationalization, the Government of India controlled around 91% of the Banking business of India.Later on, in the year 1993, the government merged New Bank of India with Punjab National Bank. It was the only merger between nationalized Banks and resulted in the reduction of the number of nationalised Banks from 20 to 19. After this, until the 1990s, the nationalised Banks grew at a pace of around 4%, closer to the average growth rate of the Indian economy. Liberalisation In the early 1990s, the then Narasimha Rao government embarked on a policy of liberalization, licensing a small number of private Banks.These came to be known as New Generation tech-savvy Banks, and included Global Trust Bank (the first of such new g eneration Banks to be set up), which later amalgamated with Oriental Bank of Commerce, Axis Bank(earlier as UTI Bank), ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank. This move, along with the rapid growth in the economy of India, revitalized the Banking sector in India, which has seen rapid growth with strong contribution from all the three sectors of Banks, namely, government Banks, private Banks and foreign Banks.The next stage for the Indian Banking has been set up with the proposed relaxation in the norms for Foreign Direct Investment, where all Foreign Investors in Banks may be given voting rights which could exceed the present cap of 10%, at present it has gone up to 74% with some restrictions. The new policy shook the Banking sector in India completely. Bankers, till this time, were used to the 4-6-4 method (Borrow at 4%; Lend at 6%; Go home at 4) of functioning. The new wave ushered in a modern outlook and tech-savvy methods of working for traditional Banks. All this led to the retail boom in In dia.People not just demanded more from their Banks but also received more. Currently (2007), Banking in India is generally fairly mature in terms of supply, product range and reach-even though reach in rural India still remains a challenge for the private sector and foreign Banks. In terms of quality of assets and capital adequacy, Indian Banks are considered to have clean, strong and transparent balance sheets relative to other Banks in comparable economies in its region. The Reserve Bank of India is an autonomous body, with minimal pressure from the government.The stated policy of the Bank on the Indian Rupee is to manage volatility but without any fixed exchange rate-and this has mostly been true. With the growth in the Indian economy expected to be strong for quite some time-especially in its services sector-the demand for Banking services, especially retail Banking, mortgages and investment services are expected to be strong. One may also expect M's, takeovers, and asset sales. In March 2006, the Reserve Bank of India allowed Warburg Pincus to increase its stake in Kotak Mahindra Bank (a private sector Bank) to 10%.This is the first time an investor has been allowed to hold more than 5% in a private sector Bank since the RBI announced norms in 2005 that any stake exceeding 5% in the private sector Banks would need to be vetted by them. In recent years critics have charged that the non-government owned Banks are too aggressive in their loan recovery efforts in connection with housing, vehicle and personal loans. There are press reports that the Banks' loan recovery efforts have driven defaulting borrowers to suicide. Phase 1 (March 2005 to March 2009) . Foreign banks were allowed to establish presence in India and were given an option to operate through branch presence or set up a 100% Wholly Owned Subsidiary (WOS). 2. Foreign banks were allowed to open 12 branches a year (the limit was in line with World Trade Organisation (WTO) commitment). Branch licens ing procedure was kept same as applicable for private banks. More liberal branch opening policy was adopted in under-banked areas. 3. The limit of 12 branches a year was raised to 20 branches for foreign banks in March2006. 4.Acquisition of shares in Indian banks by foreign banks was permitted for banks whichare identified by RBI for restructuring. Phase 2 (April 2009 onwards) 1. Branch expansion: -After reviewing the experience of the first phase, RBI has proposed to remove the restriction on branch expansion and limited excess to Indian market and treating them on par with domestic banks to the extent appropriate. 2. Listing of foreign banks: -After completion of the proposed year of operation in India, WOS of foreign banks will be allowed to list and dilute the stake in the manner that at least  of 26% of the paid-up capital remains with the resident Indian. . Mergers and acquisitions: -After a review is made with regard to the extent of  penetration of foreign investment in Indian banks and functioning of foreign banks, foreign banks may be permitted, subject to regulatory approvals and such conditions as may be prescribed, to enter into merger and acquisition transactions with any private sector bank  in India, subject to the overall investment limit of 74 per cent. Adoption of Banking Technology The IT revolution had a great impact in the Indian banking system.The use of computers had led to introduction of online banking in India. The use of the modern innovation and computerisation of the banking sector of India has increased many fold after the economic liberalisation of 1991 as the country's banking sector has been exposed to the world's market. The Indian banks were finding it difficult to compete with the international banks in terms of the customer service without the use of the information technology and computers.The RBI in 1984 formed Committee on Mechanisation in the Banking Industry (1984) whose chairman was Dr C Rangarajan, Deputy Gove rnor, Reserve Bank of India. The major recommendations of this committee were introducing MICR Technology in all the banks in the metropolis in India . This provided use of standardized cheque forms and encoders. In 1988, the RBI set up Committee on Computerisation in Banks (1988) headed by Dr. C. R.Rangarajan which emphasized that settlement operation must be computerized in the clearing houses of RBI in Bhubaneshwar, Guwahati, Jaipur, Patna and Thiruvananthapuram. It further stated that there should be National Clearing of inter-city cheques at Kolkata, Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai and MICR should be made Operational. It also focused on computerisation of branches and increasing connectivity among branches through computers. It also suggested modalities for implementing on-line banking.The committee submitted its reports in 1989 and computerisation began form 1993 with the settlement between IBA and bank employees' association. In 1994, Committee on Technology Issues relating to Payment s System, Cheque Clearing and Securities Settlement in the Banking Industry (1994) was set up with chairman Shri WS Saraf, Executive Director, Reserve Bank of India. It emphasized on Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) system, with the BANKNET communications network as its carrier. It also said that MICR clearing should be set up in all branches of all banks with more than 100 branches.Committee for proposing Legislation On Electronic Funds Transfer and other Electronic Payments (1995) emphasized on EFT system. Electronic banking refers to DOING BANKING by using technologies like computers, internet and networking, MICR, EFT so as to increase efficiency, quick service, productivity and transparency in the transaction. Apart from the above mentioned innovations the banks have been selling the third party products like Mutual Funds, insurances to its clients. Total numbers of ATMs installed in India by various banks as on end March 2005 is 17,642).The New Private Sector Banks in India is having the largest numbers of ATMs which is fol off site ATM is highest for the SBI and its subsidiaries and then it is followed by New Private Banks, Nationalised banks and Foreign banks. While on site is highest for the Nationalised banks of India. The below graphical representation shows Number of branches in India [pic] Figure 2:1 No. Branches in India . History of other banks in India (includes Nationalised Banks, Private Banks and Foreign Banks) | No. Year |Period |Characterized by | |1 |1840 to 1947 |Pre Independence |Small size, less regulated and bank  failures | |2 |1947 to 1969 |Post Independence to |Slower growth, private sector dominance and start of | | | |Nationalisation |regulation | |3 |1969 to1991 |Nationalisation to Liberalisation|Nationalised of banks by government, high regulation, | | | | |secular growth in business and expansion & rising | | | | |inefficiencies | |4 |1991 to 2010 |Liberalisation to current  date |De-regulation, entry of private and foreig n banks and | | | | |technological advancement | Table 2:2 History of Banks in IndiaArguments of government for nationalisation were as follows: Before the nationalisation, the privately-owned banks were operating on the criteria of profit maximisation and lesser emphasis was placed on the development of rural areas. Credit and deposits base was confined to large corporate and wealthy depositors. The nationalised banking set-up would vigorously pursue expansion programmes to cover rural areas, smaller towns and lower income groups. To pay special attention to inter-sectoral balances and balanced regional development. To take away the stranglehold of the few industrial houses on credit and reduce their control over the community's resources. Ensure stability in the functioning of the credit institutions and inspire more confidence among the depositors.Encourage healthy competition between large and small industrial houses. Insummary, the following are the steps taken by the Governmen t of India to regulate thebanking institutions in the country: 1949: Enactment of Banking Regulation Act. 1955: Nationalization of SBI. 1959: Nationalization of SBI subsidiaries. 1961: Insurance cover extended to deposits. 1969: Nationalization of 14 major banks. 1971: Creation of credit guarantee corporation. 1975: Creation of regional rural banks. 1980: Nationalization of seven banks with deposits over Rs. 200 crores. These are the list of banking currently operating in India: State Bank of Mysore State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur State Bank of HyderabadState Bank of Patiala State Bank of Travancore State Bank of Indore Nationalised Banks Allahabad Bank Indian Bank Andhra Bank Indian Overseas Bank Bank of Baroda Oriental Bank of Commerce Bank of India Punjab National Bank Bank of Maharashtra Punjab & Sind Bank Canara Bank Syndicate Bank Central Bank of India Union Bank of India Corporation Bank United Bank of India Dena Bank 19. UCO Bank IDBI Bank Ltd. Vijaya Bank Private Sector Ba nks Axis Bank Jammu & Kashmir Ban Bank Of Rajasthan Karnataka Bank Catholic Syrian Bank Karur Vysya Bank City Union Bank Kotak Mahindra Bank Development Credit Bank Lakshmi Vilas Bank Dhanalakshmi Bank Nainital Bank Federal BankRatnakar Bank HDFC Bank SBI Commercial & International ICICI Bank South Indian Bank South Indian Bank IndusInd Bank Tamilnad MercantileBank Tamilnad Mercantile Bank ING Vysya Bank Yes Bank Yes Bank Foreign Banks ABN AMRO Bank DBS Bank 2. Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank Deutsche Bank Antwerp Diamond Bank HSBC Arab Bangladesh Bank JP Morgan Chase Bank Bank Of America Krung Thai Bank Bank Of Bahrain & Kuwait Mashreq Bank Bank Of Ceylon Mizuho Corporate Bank Bank Of Nova Scotia Oman International Bank Bank Of Tokyo-Mitsubishi- UFI Shinhan Bank Barclays Bank Societe Generale BNP Paribas Sonali Bank Calyon Bank Standard Chartered Bank Chinatrust Commercial BankState Bank of Mauri Objectives of the Study 1) To know the organisational structure of the SBM 2) To have the pr actical exposure to Organisational function as compared to theoretical concepts 3) To know the product and service offered by SBM at Kaval Byrasandra branch, Bangalore 4) To know its growth strategy and potential 5) To study the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats of the organisation to carry out swot analysis. Profile of State Bank of Mysore [pic] Chapter -3 [pic] State Bank of Mysore State Bank of Mysore was established on 2nd October 1913 as â€Å"Bank of Mysore Ltd†. under the royal patronage of the Maharaja of Mysore, erstwhile Govt. f Mysore, on the recommendations of the Banking Committee headed by the great Engineer-Statesman,Bhara Late Dr. Sir M. Vishweswaraiah . Subsequently, in March 1960, the Bank became an Associate of State Bank of India. State Bank of India holds 92. 33% of shares. The Bank's shares are listed in Bangalore, Chennai, and Mumbai stock exchanges. As an associate Bank, State Bank of Mysore has a team of employees with a management. This B ank has 737 branches (as on 31. 03. 2012) and 10249 employees. The Bank has regional officesin, Bengaluru, Mysore, Mangalore, Mandya, Hassan, Shimoga, Devanagari, Bellary, Tumkur, Kolar, Chennai, Coimbatore, Hyderabad, Mumbai and New Delhi. About State Bank of Myore | | |Date of Establishment |1913 | | | | |Revenue |( USD in Millions ) | | | | |Market Cap |21775. 942287 ( Rs. in Millions ) | | | | |Corporate Address |KG Road,PBNo 9727,Bengaluru-560009, Karnataka (www. statebankofmysore. co. n) | | | | | | | |Business Operation |Bank – Public | |Background |State Bank of Mysore was established in 1913 as Bank of Mysore under the | | |patronage of the erstwhile  government of Mysore, at the instance of the banking| | |committee headed by the great Engineer-Statesman, Late Dr Sir M Visvesvaraya. | | |Subsequently, in March 1960, the bank became an Associate of State Bank of | | |India. State Bank of India holds 92. 33% of shares. The bank's shares are listed| | |i n Bangalore, Chen | |Financials |Total Income – Rs. 55948. 247 Million ( year ending Mar  2012) | | |Net Profit – Rs.Million ( year ending Mar  2012) | | | | |Company Secretary |G Soundarajan | | | | |Bankers Auditors |HS Ahuja & Co, Dhawan & Co, LK Kejrswal & Co, SK Basu & Co, PKKG | | |Balasubramaniam & Associates, Bhasin Raghavan & Co, BL Ajmera & Co, MKPS & | | |Associates, SK Basu & Co, Maharaj N R Suresh & Co | Management Committee of the Bank |Managing Director | |+91 80 22251855 | | |Mr.Sharad Sharma |+91 80 22353480 Fax 080 | | | |22254753 | | Chief General Manager | |+91 80 22251570 | | |Ms. Hamsini Menon |Fax 080 22350563 | | |   | | |Chief General Manager |Mr.KalyanMukherjee | | |General Manager  (Operations) & Corporate Development Officer |Mr  Bibhupada Nanda |+91 80 22353487 | | | |Fax 080 22353478 | |General Manager Executive  (Agriculture & MSME) |Mr K Lakshmisha |+91 80 22257149 | | | | | | | |Fax 080 22353494 | |General M anager & Group Executive(Corporate Banking) |Mr.SaswataChaudhuri |+91 80 22353471 | | | |Fax 080 22355978 | |General Manager (Treasury and Finance & Accounts) & Group |Sri Viswanathan V |+91 80 22257149 | |Executive(Government Business) | |Fax 080 22353494 | |General Manager (Technology Management) & Group Executive |MrV Pattabhiraman |+91 80 22352591 | |(Personal Banking) | |Fax 080 22356472 | |General Manager – Risk Management and Credit Policy and Procedures |Mr  ParthasarathyN | | |General Manager & Chief Vigilance Officer |Mr Vijay Dube |+91 80 22255617 | | |   |Fax 080 22350562 | State Bank of Mysore Organizational Structure Figure 3:1 Sbm Organization Structure VISION: â€Å"Working for better tomorrow† MISSIONA premier commercial Bank in Karnataka, with all India presence, committed to provide consistently superior and personalised customer service backed by employee pride and will to excel, earn progressively high returns for its shareholders and be a r esponsible corporate citizen contributing to the well being of the society. POLICIES & PROCEDURES State Bank of Mysore: – FUNCTIONS AND DUTIES Power and duties of its officers and employees- All the officers have certain financial powers and administrative powers depending upon their positions. The delegation of financial powers of various grades of officials is decided by the Central Board which is revised from time to time, depending upon the organization’s requirement and also Government / RBI guidelines. The concerned sanctioning authority takes a decision to sanction a loan or otherwise on merits of each proposal.The procedure followed in the decision making process, including channels of supervision and accountability-There is a well defined system in the Bank regarding the decision making process. Financial decisions are taken at various levels by different officials depending upon their positions and also through committee approach. Centralized credit processin g cells are being formed at certain centres for sanction of personal segment loans and other loans. Branches will source the applications and forward them to the respective credit processing cells, for their consideration. Further, there is a well defined organisational structure and a clear system of accountability and control system, which also take into account the RBI / CVC guidelines. The norms set for discharge of its functionThe Bank functions with the following core values / norms ? Excellence in customer service ? Profit orientation ? Fairness in all dealing and relations ? Risk taking and innovation ? Integrity ? Transparency and discipline in policies and systems Regarding the core functions of the Bank i. e. accepting deposits and sanction of loans, the interest rates for deposits / advances and different deposit as well as loan products, are displayed in the Bank’s website and also made available at all the Branches. Regarding sanction of loans, each officer of t he Bank will consider loan proposals and take a decision in terms of the scheme of delegation of powers, on the merits of the proposals.All the officers of the Bank are expected to discharge their duties and responsibilities with integrity and due diligence. Public can also refer to the captions †Interest rates', ‘code of ethics' & ‘citizens charter' of the Bank's website for any further information. The rules and regulations, instructions, manuals and records held by the Bank/ used by its employees for discharging its functions. There are quite a number of documents like manuals, book of instructions, codified circulars, scheme of delegation of powers, proceedings of the board etc and also the periodical circulars used by the employees for discharging various functions. A statement of the categories of documents that are held by the Bank or under its control.These are mainly register of Shareholders/Record of the proceedings of the AGMs, Board Meetings and various Committee meetings, documents executed by customers/borrowers/guarantors, contracts with third parties etc. The particulars of any arrangement that exists for consultation with, or representation by, the members of the public in relation to the formulation of its policy or implementation thereof in SBM. As per the present arrangement, the Shareholders can raise issues concerning policies and in the Annual General Meetings which can relate to the policy of the Bank. Further, the Banks quarterly results and annual results / reports are published in the Bank’s website periodically for information of public as well as shareholders which would give an idea about the policies of the Bank and implementation thereof.Further, the Central Board the apex management body of the Bank is constituted with members who are leaders from different interest groups and professions such as Industrialists, Bankers from Apex Institutions, Chartered Accountants, Economists and Workmen representative s. Public can also refer to the captions financial results / consolidated financial statement / annual report / shareholders information of the Bank's website, for further information. Bank has appointed various committees for different purposes. Following are some of the important Committees managing the key affairs of the Bank a)Risk Management Committee b)Credit Risk Management committee c)Asset Liability Management committee d)Operational Risk Management committee e)Audit Committee f)Central Management Committee g) Central as well as Local BoardsPublic are not entitled to participate on the above committee meetings and minutes are not accessible to public. Public can also refer to the caption Annual report for various committees more particularly the â€Å"corporate governance† link under the Annual report for more information about the committees. Achievements 1913 – The Bank was established as ‘Bank of Mysore Ltd. ‘, on the 19th May, & commenced its b usiness on the 2nd October 1913, under the patronage of His Highness the Maharaja of Mysore, with an authorised capital of Rs. 20. 00 Lakhs. 1953 – During the year, the Bank was appointed as an Agent of Reserve Bank of India to conduct Government business & treasury operations. 959 – With effect from the 10th September, the Bank was constituted as State Bank of Mysore as a Subsidiary of State Bank of India, under State Bank of India [Subsidiary Banks] Act, 1959 enacted through an Act of Parliament, [Act No. 38 of 1959s]. – The Bank has formulated schemes for [1] financing coffee planters/coffee traders against coffee curer’s certificate, [2] financing coffee traders, [3] coffee exporters & [4] coffee curers who also engage in trading. – State Bank of Mysore has various deposit schemes to cater to the requirements of its customers. – The Bank has also actively participated in all Government sponsored schemes and contributed its share of finan cial assistance or the economically weaker sections through DIR, IRDP, Prime Minister Rojgar Yojna & SUME schemes. The Bank has sponsored two Regional Rural Banks, Cauvery Grameena Bank & Kalpatharu Grameena Bank which have between them 202 branches for growth of agriculture & rural industries. – The Bank, as part of State Bank Group has been engaged in financing 551 since 1960 & introduced the concept of need based rather than security oriented finance & the Entrepreneur scheme under which technically qualified persons were financed the entire requirement up to Rs. 2 Lakhs. – The Bank has 3 specialised SSI branches to assist the SSI units & proposes to establish 3 more such 551 branches shortly. – The Bank has correspondent & agency arrangements all over the world & offers spot services in 18 major approved currencies. The Bank computerised dealing room is equipped with state-of-the-art information net-work for excellent services to the Bank customers. – The Bank also proposed to open 21 NRI service centres to specially cater to the requirements of NRI customers. – State Bank of Mysore handles a significant part of day-to-day Banking business of both the Central & State Governments in the State of Karnataka & is a Banker to various Public Sector Undertakings in various sectors of Economy. – The Bank has been actively participating in welfare Banking needs of public through its community services. – The Bank has set up social circles, a voluntary group of employees to conduct the community service activities, at various centres. The Bank is the proud recipient of Rolling Trophy from the Red Cross Society of Karnataka for 17 years in succession, till date, for having mobilised the maximum number of blood donors each year, among Banking Institutions. – The Bank has installed a Main Frame Computer in its Head Office which provides a useful information system to the Management & mini computers at the Zonal Of fices. – The Bank is a member of society for worldwide Inter Bank Financial Telecommunication [SWIFTs] which was established to offer cost effective & fast transmission of financial messages globally, 2 branches of Bank are presently covered under the scheme and an additional 15 branches are proposed to be covered under SWIFT shortly. 992 – The State Government has also taken up vigorously ‘ASHRAYA', a new housing scheme for weaker sections & ‘VISHWA', a new rural & cottage industry scheme. A new programme called ‘AKSHAYA' has also been launched to help the children in primary education. The Konkan Railway Project & the New Mangalore Port Project are also progressing satisfactorily. – The Bank has also been assisting Small Scale industries by offering technology & financial consultancy services to the units in its books, so as to enable them to overcome the problems of technological obsolescence, marketing, management etc. – The Bank has been given a special annual award by Karnataka Unit of Indian Red Cross Society for fourteenth time for having held the most number of voluntary blood donation camps. 994 – Several important measures have been introduced in the busy season credit policy of November 1993 & slack season credit policy of May 1994, announced by Reserve Bank of India. – The Bank extended rehabilitation finance to 54 such units during the year under review. – The Bank STREE SAKTHI PACKAGE designed exclusively for women continued to be implemented with full vigour. – The Bank also proposes to introduce Automated Teller Machines [ATMs] and Electronic Funds Transfer facility during the next year as a measure of offering state of art Banking services to its customers. 2000 – Mr. M. Sitarama Murty has been appoi nted as Managing Director, of Bank. – Crisil has reaffirmed the A+ & P1+ ratings assigned to the bond issue & the CD programme of Bank. 001 – State Ban k of Mysore has opened a foreign exchange cell at its hierarchically Industrial estate branch in Tumkur district to enable small-scale industrialists to manage their foreign exchange transactions. – The Bank has closed its issue of unsecured non-convertible debentures after raising the target of Rs 60 crore. 2002 – Enters the market with a coupon of 6. 4% per annum for its Tier-II capital bonds issue of Rs. 60cr on a private placement basis. – Slashes interest rate on domestic term deposits & on NRE deposits by 25-50 basis points. 2003 – Considers new method of appraisal for lending to the agricultural sector more on the lines of industrial credit given to trade & commerce. Declared a dividend of 40% on equity capital for year ended. – Ties up with HMT Ltd & launches SBM-HMT Agri Farm Scheme, to promote agricultural mechanisation in south India. – Maruti Udyog forges alliances with SBM to offer car finance. – Slashes floating home loa n rates & the new loan is as follows: maturities up to 5 five years, the rates would be 8 per cent, for maturities up to 10 years, the rates would be 8. 75 per cent on a floating rate basis & for above 10 years, 9. 25 per cent. The fixed rate housing loans remained unchanged. Farm lending rate up to Rs 50,000 was lowered to 9 per cent – Inaugurated two branches in Hyderabad. 004 – SBM joins hands with LTJD for tractor financing – State Bank of Mysore has informed that Shri M. Sitarama Murty, Managing Director of Bank retired from the services on December 31, 2003 on attaining super-annuation – Mr. Vijayanand assumes charges as Managing Director of Bank from 01/03/2004 -State Bank of Mysore has joined the Real Time Gross Settlement Systems [RTGSs] network that facilitates inter-Bank funds settlement on 22 July 2005 – SBM unveils new single window system 2006 – Mr P. P. Pattanayak has assumed charge as Managing Director of State Bank of Mysore . Mr Pattanayak was earlier Deputy Managing Director [DMDs] & Chief Credit Officer of State Bank of India, Mumbai. 2009 – The Comp. as splits its face value from Rs100/- to Rs10/-. The State Bank of Mysore has a dedicated workforce of 9926 employees consisting of 3179 supervisory staff, 6747 non-supervisory staff (as on 31 March 2011). The skill and competence of the employees have been kept updated to meet the requirements of customers keeping in view the changes in the Banking environment. State Bank of India is the nation's largest and oldest Bank. Tracing its roots back some 200 years to the British East India Company (and initially established as the Bank of Calcutta in 1806), the Bank operates more than 15,000 branches within India, where it also owns majority stakes in six associate Banks.State Bank of India (SBI) has more than 80 offices in nearly 35 other countries, including multiple locations in the US, Canada, and Nigeria. The Bank has other units devoted to capit al markets, fund management, factoring and commercial services, credit cards, and brokerage services. The Reserve Bank of India owns about 60% of State Bank of India. The roots of the State Bank of India rest in the first decade of 19th century, when the Bank of Calcutta, later renamed the Bank of Bengal, was established on 2 June 1806. The Bank of Bengal and two other Presidency Banks, namely, the Bank of Bombay (incorporated on 15 April 1840) and the Bank of Madras (incorporated on 1 July 1843).All three Presidency Banks were incorporated as joint stock companies, and were the result of the royal charters. These three Banks received the exclusive right to issue paper currency in 1861 with the Paper Currency Act, a right they retained until the formation of the reserve Bank of India. The Presidency Banks amalgamated on 27 January 1921, and the reorganized Banking entity took as its name Imperial Bank of India. The Imperial Bank of India continued to remain a joint stock company. Pu rsuant to the provisions of the State Bank of India Act (1955), the Reserve Bank of India, which is India’s central Bank, acquired a controlling interest in the Imperial Bank of India.On 30 April 1955 the Imperial Bank of India became the State Bank of India. The Govt. of India recently acquired the Reserve Bank of India’s stake in SBI so as to remove any conflict of interest because the RBI is the country’s Banking regulatory authority. In 1959 the Government passed the State Bank of India (Subsidiary Banks) Act, enabling the State Bank of India to take over eight former State-associated Banks as its subsidiaries. On Sept 13, 2008, State Bank of Saurashtra, one of its Associate Banks, merged with State Bank of India. SBI has acquired local Banks in rescues. For instance, in 1985, it acquired Bank of Cochin in Kerala, which had 120 branches.SBI was the acquirer as its affiliate, State Bank of Travancore, already had an extensive network in Kerala. SBI provides a range of Banking products through its vast network in India and overseas, including products aimed at NRIs. The State Bank Group, with over 16000 branches, has the largest branch network in India. With an asset base of $250 billion and $195 billion in deposits, it is a regional Banking behemoth. It has a market share among Indian commercial Banks of about 20% in deposits and advances, and SBI accounts for almost one-fifth of the nation’s loans. SBI has tried to reduce its over-staffing through computerizing operations and Golden handshake schemes that led to a flight of its best and brightest managers.These managers took the retirement allowances and then went on the becoming senior managers at new private sector Banks. The State Bank of India is 29th most reputable company in the world according to Forbes. Associate Banks:-The Subsidiaries of SBI till date *State Bank of Indore *State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur *State Bank of Mysore *State Bank of Hyderabad *State Bank of Pat iala * State Bank of Travancore Company pictures [pic] State Bank of Mysore [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] PRODUCTS/SERVICES OFFERED State Bank of Mysore offers its products and services in domains like †¢ Personal Banking. †¢ NRI Services. †¢ Agriculture. †¢ International. †¢ Corporate. †¢ SME. †¢ Domestic Treasury. (i) Personal Banking | |Current Accounts | |Savings Bank | |Savings Plus | |Term Deposits | |Reinvestment Plan | |Multi Option Deposits | |Recurring Deposits | |Public Provident Fund Scheme |Housing Loans | |Car Loans | |Education Loans | |Consumer Durables Loans | |Personal Loans | |Loans to Pensioners | |Gold Loans | |Demand Loans on Term Deposits | |Demand Loans against Govt.Securities | |(ii) NRI Banking | |Foreign Currency Non Resident (Bank Scheme) Deposit | |Non Repatriable Rupee Deposits (NRNR) | |Non Resident (External) Rupee Deposit Accounts (NRE) | |Resident Foreign Currency Deposit Accounts (RFC) | |Ordinary Non Reside nt Rupee Accounts (NRO) | |Non Resident Special Rupee Accounts | |Housing Finance for NRIs | |(iii) Small Business Finance | |Retail Trade | |Professionals and Self Employed | |Business Enterprises | |Transport Operators | |(iv) Agriculture Finance | |Agricultural Crop Loans | |Agricultural Gold Loans |Produce Marketing Schemes | |Agricultural Term Loans | |Land Development Schemes | |Minor Irrigation Schemes | |Farm Mechanizations Schemes | |Kisan Credit Cards | |(v) Government Business | |State Govt. | |Central Govt. |CBEC | |CBDT | |Defence | |Posts | |Telecom | |Central Civil Pensions | |Defence Pensions | |Telecom Pensions | |State Govt.Pensions | |PSU Retiring Employees Scheme | |(vi)Other Services | |Safe Deposit Lockers | |Safe Custody | |(vii) Miscellaneous Business | |Demand Drafts | |Remittance Facilities (with Associate Banks) | |Remittance Facilities (with RBI & Govt. ) | |Collections (Cheques) |RTGS/NEFT | |Collections (Bills) | |Demand Draft Purchases ( Cheques) | |Demand Draft Purchases (Bills) | RATES OF INTEREST WITH EFFECT FROM 4th May   2012. |PERIOD |RATE OF INTEREST (%) | | |Up to  Rs. 15 lacs |Above Rs. 15. acs | |7 Days to 14 days |—— |8. 50 | |15 days to 45 days |6. 25 |8. 50 | |46 days to 90   days |6. 50 |8. 50 | |91 days to 179 days |8. 00 |8. 50 | |180 days to 299 days |8. 50 |8. 0 | |300 days |8. 50 |8. 50 | |301 days to less than 1 year |8. 50 |8. 50 | |1 year to less than 500 days |9. 25 |9. 25 | |500 days |9. 25 |9. 25 | |501 days to less than 2 years |9. 25 |9. 5 | |2 years to less than 909 days |9. 25 |9. 25 | |909 days |9. 25 |9. 25 | |910 days to less than 3 years |9. 25 |9. 25 | |3 years to less than 5 years |9. 25 |9. 25 | |5 years and above |9. 25 |9. 25 | Table 3:1 Interest Rate Interest Rates on Personal Segment Advances   | |Housing Loans (w. e. f. 01. 11. 2011) | |NAME OF THE SCHEME |Rate Of Interest | | |(Base Rate 10. 50%p. a) | |   |11Upto Rs 25 Lacs | |HOUSING L OAN |Upto 20 Years |BR+0. 75 |. 5% | |   |Above 20 to inclusive of 25 |BR+1. 00 |11. 50% | | |years | | | | |Above Rs 25 lacs upto Rs 30 Lacs | | |Upto 20 Years |BR+0. 75 |11. 25% | | |Above 20 to inclusive of 25 |BR+1. 00 |11. 0% | | |years | | | |